Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»

• Название: Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
• Автор: Джеймс Голдгейер
• Издательство: Международные отношения
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2009
• ISBN: 978-5-7133-1350-0

Как формировалась внешняя политика США по отношению к России в 90-е годы XX века? В чем видела свои интересы в разваливающемся Советском Союзе правящая американская элита и правильно ли оценивала ситуацию? Какие были совершены ошибки и почему? На эти вопросы на основании широкого спектра источников, бесед с известными политическими деятелями, личных наблюдений пытаются найти ответ авторы нашумевшей в США книги.

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208

Civil Disorders in the Former USSR: Can It Be Managed This Winter? NIE 11-18.3-91 (November 1991) // Fisher B.B. At Cold War's End: US Intelligence on the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, 1989-1991. — Washington: CIA, 199. — P. 144, 149; See also: P. 148, 150; See also in: National Intelligence Estimates from September 1991, in the same volume. — P. 189.

209

Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: FY 1997Annual Report (Department of State, January 1998). — P. 158; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 571, 584; Hoffman D. Pentagon to Airlift Aid to Republics: Ex-Soviets Will Get Food, Medicine // Washington Post. — January 24. — P. Al; Garthoff R.L. The United States and the New Russia: The First Five Years // Current History. — Vol. 96. -October 1997. — P. 308.

210

Baker. Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 584.

211

Interview with Carpendale.

212

Cable from American embassy in Moscow to the secretary of state, «Info Moscow Political Collective», Moscow 02777. — January 29, 1992, and «Secretary's Meeting with Foreign Minister Kozyrev», Secto 00007. — January 28, 1992. Оба документа были рассекречены по запросу авторов на основе Закона о свободе информации.

213

Burbulis G. Come, Make Goods and Sell Them // Washington Post. — January 22, 1992. — P. A21; The President's News Conference with President Boris Yeltsin of Russia. — February 1, 1992; Greenhouse S. with Friedman T.L. Aid Package for Russia Seems to Be Far from Wrapped Up // New York Times. — April 9, 1992. — P. Al; Briefing the Allies on the President's February 1, 1992, Meeting with Russian President Yeltsin. — State 037194. — February 6, 1992; рассекречены по запросу авторов на основе Закона о свободе информации.

214

Hearing on Russian Application to the World Bank before the House Banking Committee. — P. 22.

215

Address by Bill Clinton, April 1, 1992. New York Hilton; and Kalb M. The Nixon Memo: Political Respectability, Russia and the Press (University of Chicago Press, 1994). — P. 130, 133-134.

216

См: Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 217-218, 220; Crowley M. Nixon Off the Record (Random House, 1996). — P. 73.

217

Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 220-222.

218

Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 52, 56, 59, 80; and Friedman T.L. Nixon's 'Save Russia’ Memo: Bush Feels the Sting // New York Times. — March 11, 1992. — A12.

219

Kalb. The Nixon Memo. — P. 105-106; Oberdorfer D. Nixon Warns Bush to Aid Russia, Shun 'New Isolationism’ // Washington Post. — March 12, 1992. — P. Al; Stewart R.W. Nixon Urges U.S. to Assist Commonwealth // Los Angeles Times. — March 12, 1992. — P. Al.

220

Kalb, The Nixon Memo. — P. 105, 107.

221

Interview with Scowcroft; Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 657; Oberdorfer D. Aid Plan for Russia was Hurried to Bulwark Yeltsin, Officials Say // Washington Post. — April 9, 1992. — P. A20.

222

Greenhouse S. Bush and Kohl Unveil Plan to 7 nations to Contribute $24 Billion in Aid to Russia // New York Times. — April 2, 1992. — P. 1.

223

Ibid; Multilateral Financial Assistance Package for Russia. — April 1, 1992, U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — April 6, 1992. — P. 265- 266; Baker. Politics Of Diplomacy. — P. 657; Garthoff, The United States and the New Russia. — P. 308; Kalb, The Nixon Memo. — P. 133-134; and Devroy A. U.S. Allies Set $24 Billion in Aid for Ex-Soviet States // Washington Post. — April 2, 1992. — P. Al.

224

Oberdorfer, «Aid Plan for Russia Was Hurried to Bulwark Yeltsin, Officials say». — P. A20; Greenhouse with Friedman. «Aid Package for Russia Seems to Be Far from Wrapped Up». — P. Al; Kalb, The Nixon Memo. — P. 133-134.

225

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 655-656; interview with Zoellick; and Devroy. — U.S. Allies Set $24 Billion in Aid for Ex-Soviet States. — P. Al.

226

Press Conference by the President, Secretary of State James Baker, Secretary of Treasury Nicholas Brady, and Secretary of Agriculture Edward Madigan. — April 1, 1992; interview with Mulford and Wethington; remarks by the president to the American Society of Newspaper Editors. — April 9, 1992, Aid to the New Independent States: A Peace We Must Not Lose // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — April 13, 1992. — P. 281-283.

227

Baker with DeFrank. — P. 656.

228

Crossette В. Bush Is Told of Threat to Soviet Aid Bill // New York Times. — May 7, 1992. — P. A14.

229

Congressional Record. — June 17, 1992. — P. H4763.

230

Ibid. — P. H4764.

231

Mulford remarks at Bretton Woods Committee Conference Re: The United States Response to the Economic Future of the Former Soviet Union, June 15, 1992 (Lexis-Nexis).

232

Interviews with Ross, Zoellick, Scowcroft and Aslund.

233

Reddaway P. Comments in: Tainted Transactions: An Exchange // National Interest. — No 60 (Summer 2000). — P. 102-103.

234

Dornbusch R., Sturzenegger F. and Wolf H. Extreme Inflation: Dynamics and Stabilization // Brookings Papers on Economic Activities. — Vol. 2. — 1990. — P. 1-84; Fischer S. The Role of Macroeconomic Factors in Growth // Journal of Monetary Economics. — Vol. 32. — December 1993. — P. 485-512; and Treisman D. Fighting Inflation in a Transitional Regime: Russia's Anoma lous Stabilization // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — P. 299-335.

235

On the model see: Aslund, Post-Communist Economic Revolution: How Big a Bang? — Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1992; and Sachs J. Understanding Shock Therapy. — London: Social Market Foundation, 1994.

236

Относительно консервативного большинства, которое сложилось на съезде к его шестой сессии, см: Remington T. The Russian Parliament: Institutional Evolution in a Transitional Regime, 1989-1999. — Yale University Press, 2001. — Chap. 4; Myagkov M. and Kiewiet R. Czar Rule in the Russian Congress of People's Deputies? // Legislative Studies Quarterly. — Vol. 21. — February 1996. — P. 34. On Yeltsin's own admission of changing policies and personnel under pressure; see: Yeltsin B. The Struggle for Russia. — The Time Books, 1995. — P. 165; Шохин А. Мой голос все-таки будет услышан — стенограмма эпохи перемен // Наш дом — век человека», 1995. — С. 30-42, особенно с. 34.

237

Bank W. Subsidies and Directed Credits to Enterprises in Russia: A Strategy for Reform. Report 11782-RU. — Washington, April 1993; Granville B. The Success of Russian Economic Reforms. — London: Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995. — P. 67.

238

McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorba chev to Putin. — Cornell University Press, 2001; Ельцин Б. Обращения президента на VII Съезде народных депутатов 10 декабря 1992 г. // Ельцин-Хасбулатов — единство, компромисс, борьба. — М., Терра-терра, 1994. — С. 235-238.

239

«A Personal Account from Moscow, December 1992: Russia after the Congress of People's Deputies», memo from Toby Gati to Mike Mandelbaum. — Decem ber 16, 1992. — P. 4.

240

См., например: Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 37-38.

241

Friedman T.L. with Sciolino E.: Clinton and Foreign Issues: Spasms of Attention // New York Times. — March 22, 1993. — P. A3.

242

Interview with Toby Gati.

243

Kant I. To Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1795) // Perpetual Peace and other Essays, trans. By Ted Humphrey. — Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing, 1983. — P. 107-143.

244

Основная аргументация этой академической дискуссии приведена в: Brown M., Lynn-Jones S. and Miller S. eds. Debating the Democratic Peace (MIT Press, 1996). Strobe Talbott cites this academic literature in his essay; Democracy and the National Interest // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 75. — November-December 1996. — P. 47-63.

245

См: Clinton W.J. Liberal Internationalism: America and the Global Economy. — Speech at American University, February 26, 1993. reprinted in Alvin Rubinstein, Albina Shaevich, and Boris Zlotnikov, eds., The Clinton Foreign Policy Reader: Presidential Speeches with Commentaries (M.E. Sharpe, 2000). — P. 8-13.

246

Talbott S. Post-Victory Blues // Foreign Policy. — Vol. 71. — 1991-1992. — P. 53-69; and interview with Anthony Lake.

247

Lake A. From Containment to Enlargement // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 4. — September 27, 1993. — P. 658-664. House W. A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement (Government Printing Office, July 1994); Carothers T. The Democracy Nostrum // World Policy Journal. — Vol. 11. — Fall 1994. — P. 47-53.

248

Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott, «Support for Democracy and the U.S. National Interests», remarks before the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. — Washington, March 1, 1996.

249

President Clinton B. A Strategic Alliance with Russian Reforms. — April 1, 1993 // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 4. — April 5, 1993. — P. 189-194.

250

The phrase is from Talbott «Democracy and the National Interest».

251

Strobe Talbott, deputy secretary of state, statement before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriation Committee, 104, Cong. 1 sess., February 5, 1995 (transcript provided by the Federal News Service, Washington). — P. 6; and interview with Talbott.

252

Statement of Thomas A. Dine before Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 103 Cong. 2 sess. — January 26, 1994. — P. 7.

253

Interviews with Nicholas Burns and Tobi Gati.

254

Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 58.

255

Rosner J. The New Tug of War: Congress, the Executive Branch, and National Security. — Washington, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1995. — P. 45.

256

Boulton L. Russia Lurks in the Shadows of the G-7 Feast // Financial Times. — July 12, 1993. — P. 2; Boulton L. and Martin J. G-7 Nations Agree to Russia Fund // Financial Times. — July 9, 1993. — P. 1; and Greenhouse S. Russia Aid Plan Promotes Role for U.S. Companies // New York Times. — July 24, 1993. — P. 4.

257

Interview with Talbott.

258

Rosner, The New Tug-of-War. — P. 46.

259

Interview with Jeremy Rosner.

260

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