Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»

• Название: Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
• Автор: Джеймс Голдгейер
• Издательство: Международные отношения
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2009
• ISBN: 978-5-7133-1350-0

Как формировалась внешняя политика США по отношению к России в 90-е годы XX века? В чем видела свои интересы в разваливающемся Советском Союзе правящая американская элита и правильно ли оценивала ситуацию? Какие были совершены ошибки и почему? На эти вопросы на основании широкого спектра источников, бесед с известными политическими деятелями, личных наблюдений пытаются найти ответ авторы нашумевшей в США книги.

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326

Perry. Forging Realistic, Pragmatic Relations with Russia.

327

Interview with James Collins.

328

Interviews with Morningstar, William Taylor, Perry, and Carter.

329

Morse L. Thumbs Down from Grain Traders // Financial Times. — April 6, 1993. — P. 4; White House press release. Vancouver Summit Assistance Package. — March 31, 1993; Background Briefing by Senior Administration Officials. — April 4, 1993; Canada Place, Vancouver, British Columbia, Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001. — P. 153.

330

Interview with Atwood.

331

Rosner. The New Tag of War. — P. 49-50.

332

Interview with Atwood.

333

Gaidar Y. Days of Defeat and Victory. — University of Washington Press, 1999. — P. 152.

334

Interview with Lipton.

335

Lipset S.M. Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy // American Political Science Review. — Vol. 53. — No. 1 (1959). — P. 69-105; see also: Lipset S.M. Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics. — Doubleday, 1960; and more recently, Przeworski A., Alvarez M., Cheibub J.A. and Limongi F. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. — Cambridge University press, 2000.

336

Ясин Е. Нормальная экономика — основное условие демократии // Известия. — 1991. -27 августа. Перепечатка в: Current Digest of the Soviet Pres. — Vol. 43. — October 9, 1991. — P. 15.

337

Yasin. A Normal Economy Is the Main Condition for Democracy. — P. 15. For the analytical underpinning of this fear, see: Przeworski A. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economics Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. — Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1991.

338

Об этой дискуссии см.: May В. Экономика и власть. — М.: Дело, 1995.

339

Yeltsin's address to the Fifth Congress, October 28, 1991 // Yeltsin-Khasbulatov. — P. 96.

340

May В. Экономика и власть. — С. 43.

341

См.: McFaul. Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 4.,

342

McFaurs interview with Yegor Gaidar. — October 8, 1997.

343

Interview with Jeanny Bourgault, at the time, director of the Office of Democratic Initiatives and Human Resources (DIHR).

344

Источник: Аппарат координатора помощи новым независимым государствам. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Department of State, 1996). P. 200 (www.fpa.org (July 2003).

345

Stiglitz J. Whither Reform? Ten Years of Transition, paper delivered at Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics. — Washington, 1999; Hough J. The Logic of Economic Reform in Russia. — Brookings, 2001.

346

Interview with Stanley Fisher.

347

См., например: McFaul M. Why Russian Politics Matter // Foreign Policy. — Vol. 74. — January-February 1995. — P. 87-99; McFaul M. When Capitalism and Democracy Collide in Transition, Working Paper I. — Harvard University, Davis Center for Russian Studies, 1997. — P. 1-37.

348

National Democratic Institute, «Submission of the National Democratic Institute to the Congressionally Authorized Study on the U.S. Government- Funded Democracy Programs». — Washington, July 1994. — P. 2.

349

Hellman J. Winners Take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Post- Communist Transition // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — P. 203-234; Dethier J.-J., Ghanem H. and Zoli E. Does Democracy Facilitate the Economic Transition? An Empirical Study of Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union, unpublished manuscript. — World Bank, June 1999; European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Transition Report 1999: Ten Years of Transition. — London, 1999. — Chap. 5; Aslund A. Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc. — Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001.

350

Interview with Gati.

351

К сожалению, нет компетентного анализа с оценкой истории этих про грамм в России. По отдельным направлениям см.: Richter J. Evaluating Western Assistance to Russian Women's Organizations, and Powell L. Western and Russian Environmental NGO's: A Greener Russia? in: Mendelson S. and Clenn J. eds. The Power and Limits of NGO's: A Critical Look at Building Democracy in Eastern Europe and Eurasia. — Columbia University Press, 2002; Sundstrom L. M. Strength from Without? Transnational Influences on NGO Development in Russia. Ph.D. dissertation. — Stanford University, December 2001; and Mendel son S. Democracy Assistance and Political Transition in Russia: Between Success and Failure // International Security. — Vol. 25. — Spring 2001. — P. 68-106.

352

См. Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Go vernment Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001 (Department of State, March 2002). — P. 153.

353

Об этих проблемах см.: Carothers T. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999; and Diamond. Promoting Democracy in the 1990s.

354

Interview with Atwood.

355

Interview with Bourgault.

356

Относительно того, почему малые государства более эффективны, чем большие, см.: Nairn M. Latin America: The Second Stage of Reform // Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 5. — October 1994. — P. 32-48.

357

The Eurasia Foundation: 1996-1997 Report. — Washington, 1997. — P. 9.

358

См.: Kramer D. Russian Aid (II) // National Interest. — No. 39 (spring 1995). — P. 78.

359

Talbott S. deputy secretary of state, statement before the Subcommittee of the Senate Appropriations Committee, 104 Cong. 1 sess. — February 5, 1995. — P. 5.

360

Sherwood-Randall E. U.S. Policy and the Caucasus // Contemporary Caucasus Newsletter (Spring 1998). — P. 3-4. University of California, Berkeley, Program in Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies.

361

Goldman S. IB92089: Russia // CRS Report for Congress (Congressional Research Service). — June 15, 2000. — P. 25.

362

Sciolino E. Clinton Adds Visit from Russian Official on Aid // New York Times. — March 19, 1993. — P. A5.

363

Interview with Talbott.

364

Телевизионное обращение Ельцина от 30 декабря 1991 г., публикация в: Ельцин-Хасбулатов. — С. 111.

365

Quoted in: Asmus R.D. Opening NATO's Door: How the Alliance Remade Itself for a New Era. — Columbia University press, 2002. — P. 112.

366

«A Personal Account from Moscow, December 1992: Russia after the Congress of People's Deputies», memo from Tobi Gati to Mike Mandelbaum. — December 16, 1992. — P. 4.

367

Interview with Brian Atwood.

368

Interview with Anthony Lake and Coit Blacker.

369

Interview with Sandy Berger, Leon Fuerth, Strobe Talbott and James Steinberg.

370

Lake A. Six Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them (Little, Brown, 2000). — P. 194.

371

Interviews with Lake and Talbott; and Lake A. Six Nightmares. — P. 194.

372

TASS. — February 13, 1992. In: Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS)-SOV, 92-031. — February 1, 1992. — P. 45; и Резолюции // чрезвычайного съезда КПРФ // Советская Россия. — 1993. — 25 февраля.

373

Hellman J. Winners take All: The Politics of Partial Reform in Post- Communist Transitions // World Politics. — Vol. 50. — January 1998. — No. 1. — P. 203-234.

374

См.: Гражданский союз. Программа антикризисного урегулирования. — М., 1992. — С. 12-23; а также Известия. — 1992. — 25 авг.

375

Lloyd J. Yeltsin Suffers Setback as Congress Rejects Gaidar // Financial Times. — December 10, 1992. — P. 16.

376

См.: Ельцин Б. Обращение Президента на VII Съезде народных депутатов. 10 декабря 1992 г.; Ельцин-Хасбулатов. Единство. Компромисс. Борьба. — М.: Терра-терра, 1994. — С. 235-236.

377

United Press International. — March 16, 1993.

378

Lowenhardt J. The Reincarnation of Russia: Struggling with the Legacy of Communism, 1990-1994. — Duke University Press, 1995. — P. 134-135; Костиков В. Роман с Президентом: записки пресс-секретаря. — М.: Вагириус, 1997. — С. 169.

379

Interviews with Wayne Merry and Thomas Graham.

380

Stephanopoulos G. All Too Human: A Political Education (Little, Brown and Co., 1999). — P. 138.

381

Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2002). — P. 68.

382

Schmemann S. Summit in Vancouver: The Overview // New York Times. — April 5, 1993. — P. Al.

383

Interview with Graham.

384

Talbott S. The Russia Hand. — P. 70.

385

Собчак А. Доступ к вечнозеленеющему делу // Московские новости. — 1993. — 21 марта; Yeltsin B. The Struggle for Russia, translated by Catherine A. Fitzpatrick (Times Books, 1994). — P. 247.

386

Хасбулатов Р. Великая российская трагедия //. — M., СИМС, 1994.

387

Simes D. Reform Reaffirmed // Foreign Policy. — No. 90 (Spring 1993). — P. 38-56.

388

Interview with Nicholas Burns.

389

Clinton Sends Yeltsin His Full Support // Associated Press. — September 23, 1993.

390

Kaplan F. Yeltsin Suspends Legislature, Faces Impeachment Bid // Boston Globe. — September 22, 1993. — P. 1; Sciolino E. U.S. Supports Move by Russian Leader // New York Times. — September 22, 1993; Friedman S. U.S. Giving Boris its Grudging Support // Newsday. — September 22, 1993. — P. 4; and Friedman T. U.S. to Speed Money to Bolster Yeltsin // New York Times. — September 23, 1993.