Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»

• Название: Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
• Автор: Джеймс Голдгейер
• Издательство: Международные отношения
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2009
• ISBN: 978-5-7133-1350-0

Как формировалась внешняя политика США по отношению к России в 90-е годы XX века? В чем видела свои интересы в разваливающемся Советском Союзе правящая американская элита и правильно ли оценивала ситуацию? Какие были совершены ошибки и почему? На эти вопросы на основании широкого спектра источников, бесед с известными политическими деятелями, личных наблюдений пытаются найти ответ авторы нашумевшей в США книги.

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141

Baker, Policy of Diplomacy. — P. 662-663.

142

See: Garnett S. Keystone in the Arch: Ukraine in the Emerging Security Environment of Central and Eastern Europe. — Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1997. — P. 72-76.

143

Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 665. Interview with Stephen Hadley; Buntin, Decision to Denuclearize. — P. 12.

144

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 668-669; and Background Press Briefing on U.S. — Russian Summit, June 17, 1992.

145

Interview with Baker.

146

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 669. Выделено в оригинале.

147

Interview with Carpendale.

148

Background Press Briefing on U.S. — Russian Summit, June 17, 1992; Sieff M. Baker Pursues Arms Deal on Eve of Yeltsin Visit. // Washington Times. — June 12, 1992. — P. A7.

149

Yeltsin remarks of June 16, 1992; and U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — June 22, 1992. — P. 484.

150

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 670-671; see: U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — June 22, 1992. — P. 492-493.

151

For the most complete diagnosis of Russia's economic problems at the time, see Russian Economic Reform: Crossing the Threshold of Structural Change, a World Bank Country Study. — Washington: World Bank, 1992.

152

On the inheritance see: Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — Brookings, 1995.

153

Interview with Brent Scowcroft.

154

Nasar S. How to Aid Russians Is Debated // New York Times. — January 20, 1992. — P. CI. See also: Brzezinski Z. A Premature Partnership // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 73. — March-April 1994. — P. 67-82; Cohen A. Russian Imperialism: Development and Crisis. — Praeger Press, 1996.

155

Friedman T. Baker, on Hill, Passes Hat for Russia // New York Times. — May 1, 1992. — A3.

156

Gelb L. How to Help Russia // New York Times. — March 14, 1993. — P. 17.

157

Gorbachev M. Memoirs (Doubleday 1996). — P. 612.

158

Matlock J. An Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. — Random House, 1995. — P. 177-178.

159

Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 40; Allison G. and Blackwill R. America's Stake in the Soviet Future // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 70. — Summer 1991. — P. 78-79, 95-97.

160

Beschloss M.R. and Talbott S. At the Highest Levels: The Inside Story of the End of the Cold War. — Little, Brown and Company, 1993. — P. 385; and interview with Robert Zoellick. See also: Kissinger H. No Time for a 'Grand Bargain’ // Washington Post. — July 9, 1991. — P. A19.

161

Interview with Stanley Fisher; and Feldstein M. A Different Kind of 'Great Bargain' // Wall Street Journal. — July 9, 1991. — P. A18.

162

The history of these debates is chronicled in Padma Desai. From the Soviet Union to the Commonwealth of Independent States: The Aid Debate // Harriman Institute Forum. — Vol. 5. — April 1992. — P. 1-16.

163

Chernyaev. My Six Years with Gorbachev. — P. 362-363; Gorbachev M. Memoirs. — P. 608-617.

164

Об основной стратегии шоковой терапии см.: Aslund A. Post-Communist Economic Revolutions: How Big a Bang? — Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 1992; Blanchard O., Boyco M., Dobrovski M., Dornbusch R. and Shleifer A. Post-Communist Reform: Pain and Progress (MIT Press, 1993); and Sachs J. Poland's Jump to a Market Economy (MIT Press, 1993).

165

Gaidar Y., Days of Defeat and Victory. — University of Washington Press, 1996.

166

Interview with Yegor Gaidar.

167

Fisher S. and Frenkel J. Macroeconomics Issue of the Soviet Reform // American Economic Review. — Vol. 82. — May 1992. — P. 41.

168

Относительно этого плана, разработанного экспертами главным образом на основе опыта Польши, см.: Lipton D. and Sachs J. Privatization in Eastern Europe: The Case of Poland // Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. — No. 2 (1990). — P. 293-333; Aslund A. Post-Communist Economic Revolutions: How Big a Bang?; Sachs J. Poland’s Jump to the Market Economy.

169

Sachs J. Life in the Emergency Room // Williamson J. ed. The Political Economy of Policy Reform. — Washington: Institute for International Studies, 1994. — P. 504; Sachs J. Western Financial Assistance and Russia's Reforms // Islam Sh. and Mandelbaum M., eds. Making Markets: Economic Transformation in Eastern Europe and the Post-Soviet States. — New York, Council on Foreign Relations, 1993. — P. 143-175; Sachs J. Helping Russia: Goodwill Is Not Enough // Economist. — December 21 — January 3, 1992. — P. 104; Aslund A. Big Bang in Moscow // Newsweek. — September 2, 1991. — P. 58-64.

170

Russian Economic Reform: Crossing the Threshold, a World Bank Country Study. — Washington: World Bank, 1992. — P. 49; Nixon R. The Challenge We Face in Russia // Wall Street Journal. — March 11, 1992. — P. 14. См. также: Nixon R. Save the Peace Dividend // New York Times. — November 19, 1992. — P. A19; Peel Q. Kohl to Ask U.S. to Step Up Assistance for Moscow // Financial Times. — March 23, 1993. — P. 2; Williams F. Moscow Needs Own Marshall Plan // Financial Times. — April 14, 1993. — P. 8.

171

См.: Nasar S. How to Aid Russians Is Debated // New York Times. — January 20, 1992. — P. CI. See also: Kramer M. The Changing Economic Comp lexion of Eastern Europe and Russia: Results and Lessons of the 1990s. — SAIS Review (Summer-Fall 199). — P. 16-46.

172

Greenhouse S. Wrapping Up Big Russian Aid Package // Washington Post. — April 27, 1992. — P. A7; Bemstain J. Aid the Best Way Up? // Insight. — March 9, 1992. — P. 11.

173

Interviews with Andrew Carpendale.

174

Interviews with Dennis Ross and Robert Zoellick; and comments by Ross at manuscript review session at Brookings. — May 23, 2002.

175

Interviews with David Mulford and Peter Hauslohner.

176

Interview with Mulford; дискуссию относительно грядущего краха резервной системы: Gaidar. Days of Defeat and Victory. — P. 91, 112.

177

Interview with Mulford.

178

Ibid.

179

Interviews with Wethington, Mulford and Hauslohner. См. также пресс- конференцию Дэвида Малфорда. — October 3, 1991 (Lexis-Nexisj; Mulford's comments on the Russian energy sector at a Hearing before the Subcommittee on International development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy of the House Banking Committee, 102 Cong. 2 sess. — April 29, 1992. — P. 10 (В данной книге авторы цитируют информацию из материалов слушаний Конгресса, сообщений Federal News Service (fednews.com) или из lexis-nexis.com/ universe.)

180

Interviews with Mulford and Wethington.

181

Gaidar, Days of Defeat and Victory. — P. 119-20. См. также: review of Gaidar book by Jeffrey Sachs D. Russia's Tumultuous Decade: An Insider Remembers // Washington Monthly. — March 2000 (www.washingtonmonthly.com).

182

Sachs, Russia's Tumultuous Decade.

183

Neuman J. Arms Control Summit 'Relic' of Cold War // USA Today. - June 16, 1992. — P. Al.

184

Hearing on the Russian Application the World Bank before the House Banking Committee, 102 Cong. sess. — February 5, 1992. — P. 19.

185

Interview with Dennis Ross.

186

Bush G. and Scowcroft B. A World Transformed (Alfred A. Knopf, 1998). — P. 540.

187

Cholett D. Absent at the Creation? Decision-Making in the Bush administration and the Transformation of the Soviet Union, August-December 1991. — Cornell University, honors thesis. — April 1993. — P. 37-41.

188

Zoellick R.B. Relations of the United States with the Soviet Union and the Republics. Statement before the Subcommittee on Europe and the Middle East of the House Foreign Relations Committee, 102 Cong. 1 sess. — October 2, 1991 // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 2. — October 7, 1991. — P. 746.

189

Interview with Victoria Nuland.

190

Интервью с Андреем Козыревым.

191

Interview with Gaidar.

192

Interview with Zoellick.

193

Cholett D. Absent at the Creation? — P. 73-74, 76-77; interview with Andrew Carpendale.

194

Baker III J. with DeFrank T.M. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995). — P. 524.

195

Ibid. — P. 535-536.

196

Baker, «America and the Collapse of the Soviet Empire: What Has to Be Done».

197

Ibid.

198

Interviews with Carpendale, John Hannah, Kenneth Juster; Chollet. Absent at the Creation?

199

Krauthammer Ch. Say Goodbye to Gorbachev // Washington Post. — December 13, 1991. — A29; Sigal L.V. Hang Separately: Cooperative Security between the United States and Russia, 1985-1994. — New York, Century Foundation, 2000. — P. 226.

200

Interview with Carpendale.

201

Ibid.

202

Interviews with Robert Zoellick and Dennis Ross.

203

Interviews with Ross.

204

Interview with Kenneth Juster.

205

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 619; Baker. Closing statement at Coordinating Conference, U.S. Department of State; remarks by the president in address to International Conference on Humanitarian Assistance to the Former USSR, January 22, 1992 // U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — January 27, 1992. — P. 57-58, 61.

206

Wohlforth W. ed., Cold War Endgame. — Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. — P. 124.

207

Safire W. Baker's Big Bash // New York Times. — January 23, 1992. — P. A23; Curtis M. Europeans Voice Reservations over Role of U.S. Aid to Former Soviet Republics. — Boston Globe. — January 21, 1992. — P. 6.