Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»

• Название: Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
• Автор: Джеймс Голдгейер
• Издательство: Международные отношения
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2009
• ISBN: 978-5-7133-1350-0

Как формировалась внешняя политика США по отношению к России в 90-е годы XX века? В чем видела свои интересы в разваливающемся Советском Союзе правящая американская элита и правильно ли оценивала ситуацию? Какие были совершены ошибки и почему? На эти вопросы на основании широкого спектра источников, бесед с известными политическими деятелями, личных наблюдений пытаются найти ответ авторы нашумевшей в США книги.

---

73

Excerpts from Bush News Conference on Soviet Coup: Hope and Warning // New York Times. — August 20, 1991. — P. 15; Remarks and Exchan ge with Reporters in Kenebunkport, Maine, on Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union. — August 19, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu.papers [June 25, 2003]).

74

Excerpts from Bush News Conference on Soviet Coup: Hope and Warning // New York Times. — August 20, 1991. — P. 15.

75

Bush. Remarks and an Exchange with Reporters in Kenebunkport, Maine, on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union.

76

О последующем разочаровании Горбачева нерешительностью, проявлен ной Бушем и другими западными лидерами, см.: Gorbachev M., Memoirs. — Р. 663.

77

Описание подробностей противостояния см.: Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 3.

78

Interview with Scowcroft.

79

Bush. The President's News Conference in Kennebunkport, Main, on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union. — August 20, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/ papers [June 25, 2003]).

80

Bush. Exchange with Reporters in Kennebunkport, Main, on the Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union. — August 21, 1991.

81

Boris Yeltsin. The Struggle for Russia. — Random House, 1994. — P. 132.

82

Chaney D. Address to the American Political Science Association. — August 29, 1991.

83

Qates, From the Shadows. — P. 530.

84

Baker, as quoted in Gates, From the Shadows. — P. 530.

85

Memorandum of Conversation, NATO Summit. — Rome. — P. 3. Declas sified by the Bush Library in Response to a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request from authors.

86

Bush and Scowcroft, A World transformed. — P. 552-553.

87

Smith R.J. U.S. Officials Split over Response to an Independent Ukraine II Washington Post. — November 25, 1991. — P. A18.

88

Smith. U.S. Officials Split over Response to an Independent Ukraine.

89

Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 560-561.

90

Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 561; Bechloss and Talbott, At The Highest Levels. — P. 449; and interview with Scowcroft.

91

Interview with Baker; and Baker, The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 562.

92

McFaul. Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 4.

93

See Anders Aslund. How Russia became a Market Economy. — Brookings, 1995. — Chap. 2.

94

For details see McFaul, Russia's Unfinished Revolution. — Chap. 5.

95

Interview with Robert Zoellick; and George Kolt quotation is from the manuscript review session at Brookings. — May 23, 2003.

96

Interview with Zoellick.

97

See Lundberg, CIA and the Fall of the Soviet Empire. — P. 44.

98

Interview with Baker.

99

См.: Sigal L.V. Hang Separately: Cooperative Security between the United States and Russia, 1984-1985. — New York: Century Foundation, 2000. — P. 232.

100

Simes D. Russia Reborn // Foreign Ajfairs. — Vol. 85. — Winter 1991-1992. — P. 41-62. Concerns about Russian Imperialism lingered well beyond the collapse. Brzezinski Z. The Premature Partnership // Foreign Affairs. — Vol. 73. — March-April 1994. — P. 67-82; Odom W. and Dujarric R. Commonwealth or Empire? Russia, Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus // Hudson Institute Press. — 1995; Uri Ra'anan and Kate Martin eds., Russia: A Return to Imperialism? — St. Martin's Press, 1995.

101

Stanglin D. and Corwin J. The Old Face of Russia // U.S. News and World Report. — November 11, 1991. — P. 48; and Boris the Great, or the Terrible! // Economist. — October 5, 1991. — P. 51-52.

102

Bush G. and Scowcroft B. A World Transformed (Alfred A. Knopf, 1998). — P. 543-544.

103

Interview with Scowcroft.

104

Interviews with Stephen Hadley and Scooter Libby.

105

Interview with James Baker.

106

Powell C. My American Journey: An Autobiography (Random House, 1995). — P. 540-541.

107

Address to the Nation on Reducing United States and Soviet Nuclear Weapons. — September 27, 1991 (www.fas.org [June 25, 2003]). See also Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 546-547; Baker III J. with DeFrank T.M. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (G.P. Putman's Sons, 1995). — P. 526.

108

Bush and Scowcroft. A World Transformed. — P. 546-547; Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 526; Sigal, Hang Separately. — P. 245; interview with Stephen Hadley.

109

Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 525; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 543-544, Dereck H. Chollet in «Absent at the Creation? Decision-Making in the Bush Administration and the Transformation of the Soviet Union, August-December 1991», Cornell University, honors thesis, April 1993, дает описание дискуссий, основанных на интервью с ведущими официальными лицами. See. — Р. 30-31.

110

Baker. The Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 560. The leak of the U.S. debates appeared in R. Jeffrey Smith. U.S. Officials Split over Response to an Independent Ukraine // Washington Post. — November 25, 1981. — P. A18.

111

Interview with Nicholas Burns.

112

Interview with Hadley.

113

Цит. по: Chollet, Absent at the Creation? — P. 74. Chollet’s chapter 3 remains the best discussion of the origins of Baker's speech in Princeton in December 1991.

114

Baker. Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 563; Hoffman D. Baker: U.S. Must Resist Temptation to Move toward Isolationism // Washington Post. — December 8, 1991. — P. A41.

115

Baker III J. America and the Collapse of the Soviet Union: What Has to Be Done // US. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 2. — December 2, 1991. — P. 887-93.

116

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 566-567; see also U.S. Department of State (Moscow). Press Availability by Secretary of State James Baker III and Russian Republic President Boris Yeltsin. Kremlin. — December 16, 1991. — P. 5.

117

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 572.

118

Neumann J. Baker ‘Reassured’ on the Soviet Nukes // USA Today. — December 17, 1991. — P. Al.

119

Press Availability by Secretary of State James Baker III and Russian Republic President Boris Yeltsin. — P. 3.

120

Interview with Carpendale.

121

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 583.

122

Hoffman D. Ukraine's Leader Pledges to Destroy Nuclear Arms; Baker Says U.S. Recognition is Closer // Washington Post. — December 19, 1991. — P. Al; Friedman T.L. Soviet Disarray // The New York Times. — December 19, 1991. — P. Al; Neuman J. Republics Vow to Deeper Arms Cuts // USA Today. — P. A4; Hoffman D. Kazakhstan Keeping Nuclear Arms, Republic's President Tells Baker // Washington Post. — December 18, 1991. — P. A30; Feduschak N.A. Former Soviet Union Republics reassure Baker on Nuclear Arms // Wall Street Journal. — December 17, 1991. — P. A17.

123

Carter A. and Perry W. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America. — Brookings, 1999. — P. 71-72.

124

Sigal. Hang Separately. — P. 238; Combs R. U.S. Domestic Politics and the Nunn-Lugar Program // Dismantling the Cold War: U.S. and NIS Perspectives on the Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, edited by Shields J.M. and Porter W.C. — MIT Press, 1997. — P. 42-44.

125

Interview with Dennis Ross. On December 12 signing of legislature, see Combs. U.S. Domestic Politics. — P. 44.

126

Interview with Brent Scowcroft; see also Raymond Garthoff // The United States and the New Russia: The First Five Years, Current History. — Vol. 96. — October 1997. — P. 305-12.

127

Nunn S. Changing Threats in the Post-Cold War World // Shields and Plotter, Dismantling the Cold War. — P. xi.

128

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 620.

129

On 1989, see: Cholett D.H. and Goldgeier J.M. Once Burned, Twice Shy? The Pause of 1989 // Wohlforth W. ed. Cold War Endgame. — Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. — P. 141-173.

130

Baker. Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 620.

131

Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union. — January 28, 1992; Segal, Hang Separately. — P. 250; and Yeltsin-Bush Letter. — January 27, 1992. Moscow 02449, American Embassy Moscow to Secretary of State, рассекречено по запросу авторов на основе Закона о свободе информации.

132

Parks M. and McManus D. Yeltsin Asks 805 Cut in Warheads for U.S., Russia // Los Angeles Times. — January 30, 1992. — P. Al.

133

Jehl D. and McManus D. Bush Hoping to Shore Up Yeltsin // Los Angeles Times. — January 31, 1992. — P. A5.

134

Hoagland J. Little Help for Yeltsin // Washington Post. — February 11, 1992. — P. A21.

135

Interview with Burns.

136

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 625; statement issued by President Bush and Yeltsin, Camp David, Maryland, February 1, 1992. U.S. Department of State Dispatch. — Vol. 3. — February 3, 1992. — P. 78-79.

137

Baker, Politics of Diplomacy. — P. 64Iff; Segal, Hang Separately. — P. 236.

138

Senate Armed Services Committee, Dismantling of the Former Soviet Union's Nuclear Weapons. — February 5, 1992. — P. 2.

139

Buntin J. The Decision to Denuclearize: How Ukraine Became a Non- Nuclear Weapons State. С14-98-1425.0 (Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Case Program, 1997). — P. 4-8; Segal, Hang Separately. — P. 254-255.

140

Interview with Carpendale.

141

Baker, Policy of Diplomacy. — P. 662-663.