Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»

• Название: Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
• Автор: Джеймс Голдгейер
• Издательство: Международные отношения
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2009
• ISBN: 978-5-7133-1350-0

Как формировалась внешняя политика США по отношению к России в 90-е годы XX века? В чем видела свои интересы в разваливающемся Советском Союзе правящая американская элита и правильно ли оценивала ситуацию? Какие были совершены ошибки и почему? На эти вопросы на основании широкого спектра источников, бесед с известными политическими деятелями, личных наблюдений пытаются найти ответ авторы нашумевшей в США книги.

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Источник: Аппарат координатора по вопросам помощи новым независимым государствам. Ежегодные отчеты о правительственной помощи и координации новым независимым государствам в 1994-1999 финансовых годах. Госдепартамент (www.fpa.org); за 2000 и 2001 годы (www.state.gov/p/eur/ace); запросы на международную помощь в 2002-2004 годах (www.state./gov/m/rm/rls/iab). Все сайты по состоянию на июль 2003 года.

261

Sachs J. Crash of Nations: Mexico Si, Russia, Nyet // New Republic. — February 6, 1995. — P. 12.

262

Interviews with Rosner and George Ingram.

263

Clinton W. Charter for Special Advisor to the President and to the Secretary of State on Assistance to the New Independent States (NIS) of the Former Soviet Union and Coordinator of NIS Assistance. Memorandum for the heads of executive departments and agencies. — White House, April 4, 1995; and interview with Morningstar.

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Interview with Brian Atwood.

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Interview with Jeanne Bourgault, director of the Office of Democratic Initiatives and Human Resources, U.S. Agency for International Development (1994-1997).

266

Interview with Atwood.

267

Interview with Morningstar.

268

См.: Corwin J. Playing the Aid Game // U.S. News and World Report. — October 3, 1994. — P. 35-36.

269

Interview with Bourgault.

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Hiatt Q. in F. and Sutherland D. Grass-Roots Aid Works Best in Russia // Washington Post. — February 12, 1995. — P. Al.

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Interview with Mark Medish. Morningstar made similar observations.

272

Interviews with Carlos Pascual, Atwood, and Morningstar.

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General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance: International Efforts to Aid Russia's Transition Have Had Made Mixed Results, GAO-01-8. — November 2000. — P. 57. Interview with Ingram.

274

Interview with David Lipton.

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Липтон совместно с Джефри Саксом написал несколько солидных статей и докладов относительно реформ, необходимых для демонтажа командной системы и создания рыночной экономики. See: in particular: Sachs J. and Lipman D. Prospects for Russia's Economic Reforms // Brookings Papers on Economic Activities. — Vol. 2. — 1992. — P. 213-265; and Sachs J. and Lipton D. Remaining Steps to a Market-Based Monetary System // Aslund A. and Layard R. eds. Changing the Economic System in Russia. — St. Martin's Pres, 1992. — P. 163-82. On Summer's ideas about post-communist transition, see: Summers L. The Next Decade in central and Eastern Europe // Clague Ch. and Rausser G. eds. The Emergence of Market Economics in Eastern Europe. -Oxford, Blackwell Publishers, 1992. — P. 25-34.

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Interview with Talbott; also interviews with Lipton, Morningstar and Atwood.

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Interview with Lipton. On these three «tions» of reform, see Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy (Brookings, 1995).

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Interview with Lipton.

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On the memorandum on Economic Policy of the Russian Federation, see: Aslund A. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 64.

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Fyodorov, as quoted in: Boulton L. Fyodorov Hopes Aid Will Be Disbursed Quickly // Financial Times. — April 13, 1993. — P. 3. On missing 1992 window, see: Aslund A. Ruble shooters // New Republic — May 4, 1992. — P. 13. Относительно того, что было обещано в 1992 году и что было достигнуто на самом деле, см.: Greenhouse S.U.S. Maps an Aid Plan for Russia Though Roadblocks May Remain // New York Times. — April 1, 1993. — P. Al, 10.

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Lopez-Claros. The Role of International Financial Institutions during the Transition in Russia.

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See: Schelling T. The Marshall Plan: A Model for Eastern Europe. — P. 24.

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Stone R.W. Lending Credibility: The International Monetary Fund and the Post-Communist Transition. — Princeton University Press, 2002. — P. 124.

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Stone. Lending Credibility. — P. 124; and Lopez-Claros. The Role of International Financial Institutions during the Transition in Russia.

285

Interview with Lipton.

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См.: Stone, Lending Credibility.

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Обобщенную информацию о деятельности этих и других многосторонних кредитных институтов, см.: the appendixes in General Accounting Office, Foreign Assistance (November 2000).

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World Bank. Russia's Economy: World Bank Says Growth May Begin in 1998 but Reforms Are Key, press backgrounder, the World Bank Europe, and Central Europe Region. — Washington. — March 1997. — P. 5; Freeland C. World Bank Lends $ 6 billion to Russia // Financial Times. — April 15, 1997. — P. 2

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Friedman T. U.S. Planning Aid to Shore Up Yeltsin's Position // New York Times. — March 6, 1993. — P. 1.

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См.: Yeltsin's remarks during a state visit to France, as reported in John Lloyd. Call by Yeltsin for Immediate Western Support // Financial Times. — March 17, 1993. — P. 16.

291

United Press International. Russian Parliament Leader Lashes Out at 'Foreign Interference'. — April 2, 1993.

292

Blanchard О., Boyco М., Dabrowski M., Dornbusch R., Layard R. and Shleifer A. Post-Communist Reform: Pain and Progress. — MIT Press, 1993. — P. 54.

293

McFaul M. State Power, Institutional Change, and the Politics of Privatization in Russia // World Politics. — Vol. 47. — January 1995. — P. 210-243; for details, see: Blasi J., KroumovaM. and Kruse D. Kremlin Capitalism: Privatizing the Russian Economy. — Cornell University Press, 1997.

294

См.: Bivens M. and Bernstein J. The Russia You Never met // Demokra- tizatsiya. — Vol. 6 (Fall 1998). — P. 613-647; and Wedel J. The Harvard Boys Do Russia // Nation. — June 1, 1998. — P. 11-16; and Wedel J. Collision and Collusion: The Strange Case of Western Aid to Eastern Europe, 1988-1998 (St. Martin's Press, 1998).

295

Interview with Atwood.

296

Interview with Morningstar.

297

Interview with Ingram.

298

Interview with James Steinberg.

299

Interviews with Wayne Merry and Thomas Graham.

300

Interview with Anders Aslund.

301

Interview with Talbott.

302

Greenhouse S. Russia Aid Plan Promotes Role for the U.S. Companies // New York Times. — July 24, 1993. — P. 4; Kramer D. Russian Aid (II) // National Interest. — No. 39 (Spring 1995). — P. 78-82.

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General Accounting Office (GAO), Overseas Investments: Issues Related to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation's Reauthorization, GAO/NISAD-97-230. — September 1997. — P. 18-19.

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Quoted in: Kramer D. Russian Aid (I) // National Interest. — No. 39 (Spring 1995). — P. 79.

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GAO, Overseas Investment. — P. 20.

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Interview with Andrei Kozyrev and Talbott. Talbott. The Russia Hand. — P. 64-65.

307

Interview with Rose Gottemoeller.

308

Interview with David Lipton.

309

Office of the Coordinator of the Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to the Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union: FY 1997 Annual Report (Department of State, January 1998). — P. 75.

310

Sachs. Western Financial Assistance and Russian Reforms. — P. 159.

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См.: Aslund. How Russia Became a Market Economy. — P. 69; Lloyd J. Moscow Seeks Active G-7 Backing for Reforms // Financial Times. — March 20-21, 1993. — P. 2.

312

Freeland. World Bank Lends $6 billion to Russia. — P. 2; такие частные фонды, как Институт открытого общества Джорджа Сороса, были более активны, чем американское правительство. См.: Dezhina I. and Graham L. Russian Basic Science after Ten Years of Transition and Foreign Support. — Working papers. — No. 24 (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, February 2002); see: Rosner. The New Tag of War. — P. 52, for the political problems associated with proposing social safety net funds.

313

Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS, U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Former Soviet Union (Department of State, April 1996). — P. 2-3.

314

Defense Secretary William Perry, Forging Realistic, Pragmatic Relations with Russia, address at George Washington University. — March 14, 1994 // Defense News. — Vol. 9. — No. 19 (1994). — P. 1-6; interview with Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall.

315

Carter A. and Perry W. Preventive Defense: A New Security Strategy for America (Brookings, 1999), especially chap. 2.

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О дебатах в Сенате и Палате представителей по бюджетным вопросам см.: Woolf A. Nuclear Weapons in Russia: Safety, Security, and Control Issues // CRS Issue Brief for Congress. — Washington, Congressional Research Service, November 5, 2001.

317

Woolf, Nuclear Weapons in Russia. — P. 8.

318

Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001 (Department of State, March 2002). — P. 153.

319

Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with the New Independent States of the Firmer Soviet Union. — P. 3.

320

Interview with Daniel Poneman.

321

The MPC&A budgets were as follows: 1993, 3 million; 1994, 11 million; 1995, 73 million; 1996, 99 million; 1997, 115 million; 1998, 137 million; 1999, 152 million; 2000, 145 million; and 2001, 145 million.

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Woolf. Nuclear Weapons in Russia. — P. 12.

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Office of the Coordinator of the U.S. Assistance to the NIS. U.S. Government Assistance to and Cooperative Activities with Eurasia, Fiscal Year 2001. — P. 153.

324

Interview with William Perry.

325

Interview with Ashton Carter.

326