Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»

• Название: Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
• Автор: Джеймс Голдгейер
• Издательство: Международные отношения
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2009
• ISBN: 978-5-7133-1350-0

Как формировалась внешняя политика США по отношению к России в 90-е годы XX века? В чем видела свои интересы в разваливающемся Советском Союзе правящая американская элита и правильно ли оценивала ситуацию? Какие были совершены ошибки и почему? На эти вопросы на основании широкого спектра источников, бесед с известными политическими деятелями, личных наблюдений пытаются найти ответ авторы нашумевшей в США книги.

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18

См., например, ссылка в: Will G.F. A Dog in That Fight? II Newsweek, June 12, 1995. — P. 72.

19

См., например: комментарии Brent Scowcroft on Persian Gulf War Policy on PBS // Frontline (www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/gunning. — June 25, 2003).

20

A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement, White House. — July 1994.

21

Особенно см. его послание «О положении страны» 2002 года, с которым он выступил 29 января 2002 г. (www.whitehouse.gov/stateoftheunion/ 2002/history.html) and The National Security Strategy of the United States of America (www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssall.html). Websites were accessed June 25, 2003.

22

По поводу этой интеллектуальной эволюции и внутренних столкновений в администрации Буша между сторонниками принципа «баланса сил» и «преобразования режимов» см.: PBS Frontline. The War behind Closed Doors. — February 20, 2003 www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/shows/iraq; and Lemann N. The Next World Order // New Yorker. — April 1, 2002. — P. 28-42.

23

Относительно сложности измерения соотношения сил в динамике см.: Gilpin R. War and Change in World Politics. — Cambridge University Press, 1981. — P. 237.

24

Для полной оценки см.: McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin. — Cornell University Press, 2001.

25

См.: Kotkin S. Armageddon Averted: The Soviet Collapse 1970-2000. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; Roeder P. Red Sunset: The Failure of Soviet Politics. — Princeton University Press, 2001; and Solnick S. Stealing the State: Control and Collapse of the Soviet Institutions. — Harvard University Press, 1998.

26

О реформистских идеях Горбачева см.: Breslauer G. Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. — Cambridge University Press, 2002; Brown A. The Gorbachev Factor. — Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996; Hough J. Democratization and Revolution in the USSR 1985-1991. -Brookings, 1997; McFaul M. Russia's Unfinished Revolution: Political Change from Gorbachev to Putin. — Cornell University Press, 2001; см. также Gorbachev M. Memoirs. — Doubleday, 1996, а также мемуары его главного советника по национальной безопасности: Черняев А.С. Шесть лет с Горбачевым. — М.: Прогресс, 1993.

27

Колосов В.А., Петров Н.В., Смирнягин Л.В. Весна 89: География парламентских выборов. — М.: Прогресс, 1990; Brudny Y. The Dynamics of Democratic Russia. 1990-1993 // Post-Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 9 (April-June 1993). — P. 141-170; and Fish M.S. Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian Revolution. — Princeton University Press, 1995.

28

Hanson S. Gorbachev: The Last True Leninist Believer? II Chirot D. The Crisis of Leninism and the Decline of the Left: The Revolutions of 1989. — University of Washington Press, 1991.

29

McFaul M. The Sovereignty 'Script': The Red Book for Russia's Revo lutionaries II Krasner S. ed. Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. — Columbia University Press, 2001. — P. 194-223; Dunlop J. The Rise of Russia and the Fall of the Soviet Empire. — Princeton University Press, 1993; и Горбачев, Ельцин: 1500 дней политического противостояния. — М.: Терра, 1992.

30

Материалы II съезда движения «Демократическая Россия». — М.: ДР-Пресс, ноябрь 1991.

31

Gorbachev M. Memoirs. — Р. 291. О росте национализма в этот период см.: Beissinger M. Nationalist Mobilization and the Collapse of The Soviet State. — Cambridge University Press, 2002.

32

Schmemann S. The Tough New Leaders in Moscow Have Kremlinologists Up and Guessing II New York Times. — January 27, 1991. — Sec.4. — P. 3; and The New Soviet Policymakers II Economist. — February 9, 1991. — P. 47-48.

33

Dobbs M. Yeltsin Snubs Gorbachev's Offer: Russian Leader Later Holds His Own Meeting with Bush II Washington Post. — July 31. — 1991. — P. A26.

34

Rice C. and Zelikow P. Germany Unified and Europe Transformed. — Harvard University Press, 1995.

35

Lundberg K. CIA and the Fall of the Soviet Empire: The Politics of 'Getting it Right'. С16-94-1251.0. Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Case Program, 1994. — P. 39.

36

Beissinger M.R. Demise of an Empire-State: Identity, Legitimacy, and the Deconstruction of Soviet Politics II Crawford Young, ed., The Rising Tide of Cultural Pluralism: The Nation-State at Bay? — University of Wisconsin Press, 1993. — P. 94.

37

Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 499.

38

Interview with Stephen J. Hadley.

39

Interview with Scooter Libby.

40

Matlock J. Autopsy on an Empire: The American Ambassador's Account of the Collapse of the Soviet Union. — Random House, 1995. — P. 509.

41

Interview with Dennis Ross.

42

Baker III J.A. with DeFrank T.M. The Politics of Diplomacy: Revolution, War and Peace 1989-1992 (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1995). — P. 475; и заметки Колта в обозрении его книги (May 23, 2002, Brookings).

43

Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 500.

44

Bush G.H.W. Remarks and an Exchange with Soviet Journalists on the Upcoming Moscow Summit. — July 25, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/papers [June 25, 2003]).

45

Gates, From the Shadows. — P. 502, 504. On the CIA analysis, see, for example, the formerly classified CIA report, «Yeltsin's Political Objectives», CIS/SOV91-10026X (June 1991), declassified and approved for release, April 2000, esp. — P. 10-11.

46

Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 493-494.

47

Interview with Scowcroft.

48

Dobbs M. Yeltsin Snubs Gorbachev's Offer: Russia leader Later Holds His Own Meeting with Bush II Washington Post. — July 31, 1991. — P. A26.

49

Bush G.H.W. Remarks at the Arrival Ceremony in Moscow. — July 30, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu/edu/papers [June 25, 2003]).

50

Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 501.

51

Friedman T.L. Arms Talks: A Warm-UP // New York Times. — June 10, 1991. — P. Al.

52

Bush G.H.W. Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union. — August 1, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/ papers [June 25, 2003]).

53

О роли внешних сил, ускоривших коллапс Югославии, см.: Woodward S. Compromise Sovereignty to Create Sovereignty: Is Dayton Bosnia a Futile Exercise or an Emerging Modell II Stephen Krasner, ed., Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. — Columbia University Press, 2001. — P. 252-300.

54

Bush G.H.W. Remarks at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations. — July 30, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tomu.edu/papers [June 25, 2003]).

55

Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 502.

56

Oberdorfer D. Soviet Pledges to Cut Troops in the Baltics II Washington Post. — January 30, 1991. — P. A24; Clines F. War in the Gulf. Lithuania // New York Times. — January 31, 1991. — P. A15; Dewar H. Senate Hits Soviet Actions in the Baltics: Bush Urged to Weigh Economic Pressure II Washington Post. — January 25, 1991. — P. A18; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. -P. 497; Gerstenzang J. Bush Softens Criticism of Baltics Crackdown II Los Angeles Times. — January 26, 1991. — P. A24.

57

Oberdorfer D. Soviet Pledges to Cut Troops in the Baltics. — P. A23; Gerstenzang. Bush Softens Criticism of Baltics Crackdown. — P. A24; Bush and Scowcroft, A World Transformed. — P. 496.

58

Bush G.H.W. Remarks and an Exchange with Soviet Journalists on the Upcoming Moscow Summit. — July 25, 1991.

59

Bush G.H.W. Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union. — August 1, 1991. On Chicken Kiev, see Williams afire, After the Fall // New York Times. — August 29, 1991. — P. A29; and Bush at the UN // New York Times. — September 16, 1991. — P. A19.

60

Newhouse J. Diplomatic Rounds: Shunning the Losers II New Yorker. — October 26, 1992. — P. 46.

61

Scowcroft, in A World Transformed. — P. 516.

62

Gorbachev M. Memoirs (Doubleday, 1996). — P. 621.

63

Clines S.F. After the Summit: Bush in the Ukraine, Walks Fine Line on Sovereignty II New York Times. — August 2, 1991. — P. Al.

64

Devroy Q. in A. and Dobbs M. Bush Warns Ukraine on Independence II Washington Post. — August 1, 1991. — P. Al.

65

Bush G.H.W. Remarks to the Supreme Soviet of the Republic of the Ukraine in Kiev, Soviet Union. — August 1, 1991.

66

For an overview, see Cook L., Labor and Liberalization: Trade Unions In the New Russia (Twentieth Century Fund Press, 1997), chap. 5.

67

NDI (National Democratic Institute), Report of the Survey Mission in the Soviet Union: July 29 — August 3, 1990. — Washington, 1990. — P. 22. For a description of NDI programs in the Soviet Union, see NDI, The Com monwealth of Independent States, Issues and Opinions. — Washington, January 1992.

68

Его участие отражено в книге: Matlock, Autopsy on an Empire.

69

Об этом ланче с Рейганом см.: Shultz G. Turmoil and Triumph: Diplomacy, Power and the Victory of the American Ideal (Simon and Shuster, 1993). — P. 1102-1103.

70

Указ Президента Российской Советской Федеративной Социалистической Республики // Россия. Экстренный выпуск. — 19 августа 1991 г.

71

Interview with Scowcroft.

72

Interview with James Collins.

73

Excerpts from Bush News Conference on Soviet Coup: Hope and Warning // New York Times. — August 20, 1991. — P. 15; Remarks and Exchan ge with Reporters in Kenebunkport, Maine, on Attempted Coup in the Soviet Union. — August 19, 1991 (http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu.papers [June 25, 2003]).