Роберт Сапольски - Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки

• Название: Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки
• Автор: Роберт Сапольски
• Жанр: Биология
• Год: 2019
• ISBN: 978-5-0013-9051-0

Как говорит знаменитый приматолог и нейробиолог Роберт Сапольски, если вы хотите понять поведение человека и природу хорошего или плохого поступка, вам придется разобраться буквально во всем – и в том, что происходило за секунду до него, и в том, что было миллионы лет назад. В книге автор поэтапно – можно сказать, в хронологическом разрезе – и очень подробно рассматривает огромное количество факторов, влияющих на наше поведение. Как работает наш мозг? За что отвечает миндалина, а за что нам стоит благодарить лобную кору? Что «ненавидит» островок? Почему у лондонских таксистов увеличен гиппокамп? Как связаны длины указательного и безымянного пальцев и количество внутриутробного тестостерона? Чем с точки зрения нейробиологии подростки отличаются от детей и взрослых? Бывают ли «чистые» альтруисты? В чем разница между прощением и примирением? Существует ли свобода воли? Как сложные социальные связи влияют на наше поведение и принятие решений? И это лишь малая часть вопросов, рассматриваемых в масштабной работе известного ученого.

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Вот некоторые статьи, касающиеся политических споров вокруг хирургического удаления миндалины: V. Mark et al., “Role of Brain Disease in Riots and Urban Violence,” JAMA 201 (1967): 217; P. Breggin, “Psychosurgery for Political Purposes,” Duquesne Law Rev 13 (1975): 841; E. Valenstein, Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness (New York: Basic Books 2010).

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C. Holden, “Fuss over a Terrorist’s Brain,” Sci 298 (2002): 1551

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D. Eagleman, “The Brain on Trial,” Atlantic, June 7, 2011; G. Lavergne, A Sniper in the Tower (Denton: University of North Texas Press, 1997); H. Hylton, “Texas Sniper’s Brother John Whitman Shot,” Palm Beach Post, July 5, 1973, p. A1.

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Великолепный обзор роли агрессии в формировании страха: J. LeDoux, The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1998).

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N. Kalin et al., “The Role of the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala in Mediating Fear and Anxiety in the Primate,” J Nsci 24 (2004): 5506; T. Hare et al., “Contributions of Amygdala and Striatal Activity in Emotion Regulation,” BP 57 (2005): 624; D. Zald, “The Human Amygdala and the Emotional Evaluation of Sensory Stimuli,” Brain Res Rev 41 (2003): 88.

27

D. Mobbs et al., “When Fear Is Near: Threat Imminence Elicits Prefrontal-Periaqueductal Gray Shifts in Humans,” Sci 317 (2007): 1079.

28

G. Berns, “Neurobiological Substrates of Dread,” Sci 312 (2006): 754. Также о роли миндалины в реакции испуга у человека можно прочитать в следующих статьях: R. Adolphs et al., “Impaired Recognition of Emotion in Facial Expressions Following Bilateral Damage to the Human Amygdala,” Nat 372 (1994): 669; A. Young et al., “Face Processing Impairments After Amygdalotomy,” Brain 118 (1995): 15; J. Feinstein et al., “The Human Amygdala and the Induction and Experience of Fear,” Curr Biol 21 (2011): 34; A. Bechara et al., “Double Dissociation of Conditioning and Declarative Knowledge Relative to the Amygdala and Hippocampus in Humans,” Sci 269 (1995): 1115.

29

A. Gilboa et al., “Functional Connectivity of the Prefrontal Cortex and the Amygdala in PTSD,” BP 55 (2004): 263.

30

M. Hsu et al., “Neural Systems Responding to Degrees of Uncertainty in Human Decision-Making,” Sci 310 (2006): 1680; J. Rilling et al., “The Neural Correlates of Mate Competition in Dominant Male Rhesus Macaques,” BP 56 (2004): 364.

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C. Zink et al., “Know Your Place: Neural Processing of Social Hierarchy in Humans,” Neuron 58 (2008): 273; M. Freitas-Ferrari et al., “Neuroimaging in Social Anxiety Disorder: A Systematic Review of the Literature,” Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biol Psychiatry 34 (2010): 565.

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G. Berns et al., “Neurobiological Correlates of Social Conformity and Independence During Mental Rotation,” BP 58 (2005): 245.

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K. Tye et al., “Amygdala Circuitry Mediating Reversible and Bidirectional Control of Anxiety,” Nat 471 (2011): 358; S. Kim et al., “Differing Neural Pathways Assemble a Behavioural State from Separable Features in Anxiety,” Nat 496 (2013): 219.

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J. Ipser et al., “Meta-analysis of Functional Brain Imaging in Specific Phobia,” Psychiatry and Clin Nsci 67 (2013): 311; U. Lueken, “Neural Substrates of Defensive Reactivity in Two Subtypes of Specific Phobia,” SCAN 9 (2013): 11; A. Del Casale et al., “Functional Neuroimaging in Specific Phobia,” Psychiatry Res 202 (2012): 181; J. Feinstein et al., “Fear and Panic in Humans with Bilateral Amygdala Damage,” Nat Nsci 16 (2013): 270.

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M. Cook and S. Mineka, “Selective Associations in the Observational Conditioning of Fear in Rhesus Monkeys,” J Exp Psych and Animal Behav Processes 16 (1990): 372; S. Mineka and M. Cook, “Immunization Against the Observational Conditioning of Snake Fear in Rhesus Monkeys,” J Abnormal Psych 95 (1986): 307.

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S. Rodrigues et al., “Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Emotional Learning and Memory in the Lateral Amygdala,” Neuron 44 (2004): 75; J. Johansen et al., “Optical Activation of Lateral Amygdala Pyramidal Cells Instructs Associative Fear Learning,” PNAS 107 (2010): 12692; S. Rodrigues et al., “The Influence of Stress Hormones on Fear Circuitry,” Ann Rev of Nsci, 32 (2009): 289; S. Rumpel et al., “Postsynaptic Receptor Trafficking Underlying a Form of Associative Learning,” Sci 308 (2005): 83. Другие работы в этой области: C. Herry et al., “Switching On and Off Fear by Distinct Neuronal Circuits,” Nat 454 (2008): 600; S. Maren and G. Quirk, “Neuronal Signaling of Fear Memory,” Nat Rev Nsci 5 (2004): 844; S. Wolff et al., “Amygdala Interneuron Subtypes Control Fear Learning Through Disinhibition,” Nat 509 (2014): 453; R. LaLumiere, “Optogenetic Dissection of Amygdala Functioning,” Front Behav Nsci 8 (2014): 1.

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T. Amano et al., “Synaptic Correlates of Fear Extinction in the Amygdala,” Nat Nsci 13 (2010): 489; M. Milad and G. Quirk, “Neurons in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Signal Memory for Fear Extinction,” Nat 420 (2002): 70; E. Phelps et al., “Extinction Learning in Humans: Role of the Amygdala and vmPFC,” Neuron 43 (2004): 897; S. Ciocchi et al., “Encoding of Conditioned Fear in Central Amygdala Inhibitory Circuits,” Nat 468 (2010): 277; W. Haubensak et al., “Genetic Dissection of an Amygdala Microcircuit That Gates Conditioned Fear,” Nat 468 (2010): 270.

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K. Gospic et al., “Limbic Justice: Amygdala Involvement in Immediate Rejections in the Ultimatum Game,” PLoS ONE 9 (2011): e1001054; B. De Martino et al., “Frames, Biases, and Rational Decision-Making in the Human Brain,” Sci 313 (2006): 684; A. Bechara et al., “Role of the Amygdala in Decision-Making,” ANYAS 985 (2003): 356; B. De Martino et al., “Amygdala Damage Eliminates Monetary Loss Aversion,” PNAS 107 (2010): 3788; J. Van Honk et al., “Generous Economic Investments After Basolateral Amygdala Damage,” PNAS 110 (2013): 2506.

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R. Adolphs et al., “The Human Amygdala in Social Judgment,” Nat 393 (1998): 470.

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D. Zald, “The Human Amygdala and the Emotional Evaluation of Sensory Stimuli,” Brain Res Rev 41 (2003): 88; C. Saper, “Animal Behavior: The Nexus of Sex and Violence,” Nat 470 (2011): 179; D. Lin et al., “Functional Identification of an Aggression Locus in Mouse Hypothalamus,” Nat 470 (2011): 221; M. Baxter and E. Murray, “The Amygdala and Reward,” Nat Rev Nsci 3 (2002): 563. А вот другая область исследований – об активирующих миндалину положительных стимулах: S. Aalto et al., “Neuroanatomical Substrate of amusement and Sadness: A PET Activation Study Using Film Stimuli,” Neuroreport 13 (2002): 67–73; T. Uwano et al., “Neuronal Responsiveness to Various Sensory Stimuli, and Associative Learning in the Rat Amygdala,” Nsci 68 (1995): 339; K. Tye and P. Janak, “Amygdala Neurons Differentially Encode Motivation and Reinforcement,” J Nsci 27 (2007): 3937; G. Schoenbaum et al., “Orbitofrontal Cortex and Basolateral Amygdala Encode Expected Outcomes During Learning,” Nat Nsci 1 (1998): 155; I. Aharon et al., “Beautiful Faces Have Variable Reward Value: fMRI and Behavioral Evidence,” Neuron 32 (2001): 537.

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P. Janak and K. Tye, “From Circuits to Behavior in the Amygdala,” Nat 517 (2015): 284.

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J. LeDoux, “Coming to Terms with Fear,” PNAS 111 (2014): 2871; J. LeDoux, “The Amygdala,” Curr Biol 17 (2007): R868; K. Tully et al., “Norepinephrine Enables the Induction of Associative LTP at Thalamo-Amygdala Synapses,” PNAS 104 (2007): 14146.

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T. Rizvi et al., “Connections Between the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala and the Midbrain Periaqueductal Gray: Topography and Reciprocity,” J Comp Neurol 303 (1991): 121; E. Kim et al., “Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray-Amygdala Pathway Conveys Both Innate and Learned Fear Responses in Rats,” PNAS 110 (2013): 14795; C.Del-Ben and F. Graeff, “Panic Disorder: Is the PAG Involved?” Neural Plasticity 2009 (2009): 108135; P. Petrovic et al., “Context Dependent Amygdala Deactivation During Pain,” Neuroimage 13 (2001): S457; J. Johnson et al., “Neural Substrates for Expectation-Modulated Fear Learning in the Amygdala and Periaqueductal Gray,” Nat Nsci 13 (2010): 979; W. Yoshida et al., “Uncertainty Increases Pain: Evidence for a Novel Mechanism of Pain Modulation Involving the Periaqueductal Gray,” J Nsci 33 (2013): 5638.

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T. Heatherton, “Neuroscience of Self and Self-Regulation,” Ann Rev of Psych 62 (2011): 363; K. Krendl et al., “The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: An fMRI Investigation of the Functional Anatomic Correlates of Stigma,” Soc Nsci 1 (2006): 5; F. Sambataro et al., “Preferential Responses in Amygdala and Insula During Presentation of Facial Contempt and Disgust,” Eur J Nsci 24, (2006): 2355.

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X. Liu et al., “Optogenetic Stimulation of a Hippocampal Engram Activates Fear Memory Recall,” Nat 484 (2012): 381; T. Seidenbecher et al., “Amygdalar and Hippocampal Theta Rhythm Synchronization During Fear Memory Retrieval,” Sci 301 (2003): 846; R. Redondo et al., “Bidirectional Switch of the Valence Associated with a Hippocampal Contextual Memory Engram,” Nat 513 (2014): 426; E. Kirby et al., “Basolateral Amygdala Regulation of Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis and Fear-Related Activation of Newborn Neurons,” Mol Psychiatry 17 (2012): 527.

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A. Gozzi, “A Neural Switch for Active and Passive Fear,” Neuron 67 (2010): 656.

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G. Aston-Jones and J. Cohen, “Adaptive Gain and the Role of the Locus Coeruleus-Norepinephrine System in Optimal Performance,” J Comp Neurol 493 (2005): 99; M. Carter et al., “Tuning Arousal with Optogenetic Modulation of Locus Coeruleus Neurons,”Nat Nsci 13 (2010): 1526.

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D. Blanchard et al., “Lesions of Structures Showing FOS Expression to Cat Presentation: Effects on Responsivity to a Cat, Cat Odor, and Nonpredator Threat,” Nsci Biobehav Rev 29 (2005): 1243.

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G. Holstege, “Brain Activation During Human Male Ejaculation,” J Nsci 23 (2003): 9185; H. Lee et al., “Scalable Control of Mounting and Attack by Ers1+ Neurons in the Ventromedial Hypothalamus,” Nat 509 (2014): 627; D. Anderson, “Optogenetics, Sex, and Violence in the Brain: Implications for Psychiatry,” BP 71 (2012): 1081.

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K Blair, “Neuroimaging of Psychopathy and Antisocial Behavior: A Targeted Review,” Curr Psychiatry Rep 12 (2010): 76; K. Kiehl, The Psychopath Whisperer: The Nature of Those Without Conscience (Woodland Hills, CA: Crown Books, 2014); M. Koenigs et al., “Investigating the Neural Correlates of Psychopathy: A Critical Review,” Mol Psychiatry 16 (2011): 792.

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Здесь весьма интересные рассуждения об импульсивности лобной коры: J. Dalley et al., “Impulsivity, Compulsivity, and Top-Down Cognitive Control,” Neuron 69 (2011): 680.

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J. Rilling and T. Insel, “The Primate Neocortex in Comparative Perspective Using MRI,” J Hum Evol 37 (1999): 191; R. Barton and C. Venditti, “Human Frontal Lobes Are Not Relatively Large,” PNAS 110 (2013): 9001; Y. Zhang et al., “Accelerated Recruitment of New Brain Development Genes into the Human Genome,” PLoS Biol 9 (2011): e1001179; G. Miller, “New Clues About What Makes the Human Brain Special,” Sci 330 (2010): 1167; K. Semendeferi et al., “Humans and Great Apes Share a Large Frontal Cortex,” Nat Nsci 5 (2002): 272; P. Schoenemann, “Evolution of the Size and Functional Areas of the Human Brain,” Ann Rev of Anthropology 35 (2006): 379.

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J. Allman et al., “The von Economo Neurons in the Frontoinsular and Anterior Cingulate Cortex,” ANYAS 1225 (2011): 59; C. Butti et al., “Von Economo Neurons: Clinical and Evolutionary Perspectives,” Cortex 49 (2013): 312; H. Evrard et al., “Von Economo Neurons in the Anterior Insula of the Macaque Monkey,” Neuron 74 (2012): 482.

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E. Miller and J. Cohen, “An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function,” Ann Rev of Nsci 24 (2001): 167.