Пер Рудлинг - ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании "исторических " мифов. Сборник статей

• Название: ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании "исторических " мифов. Сборник статей
• Автор: Пер Рудлинг
• Издательство: Золотые ворота
• Жанр: Публицистика
• Год: 2012
• ISBN: 978-966-2246-16-2

Сборник статей «ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании «исторических» мифов» является вторым изданием в серии «Историческая правда», основанной Международным антифашистским фронтом в 2011 году.

В издании представлены исследования современных западных ученых — Пера Андерса Рудлинга, Тимоти Д. Шнайдера, Гжегожа Россолинского-Либе на тему украинского радикального национализма, фашизма, создания антиисторических мифов вокруг ОУН-УПА, преступлений против человечности, попыток героизации и реабилитации этих организаций и их членов.

Большинство исследований в Украине публикуются впервые.

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Daniel Ursprung, "Faschismus in Ostmittel- und Siidosteuropa: Theorien, Ansatze, Fragestellungen," in Der Einfluss yon Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus auf Minderheiten in Ostmittel-und Siidosteuropa, ed. Mariana Hausleimer and Harald Roth (Munich: IKGS-Verlag, 2006), 22. For the peculiarities of East European fascism, see also Stephen FischerGalati, "Introduction," in Who Were the Fascists? Social Roots of European Fascism, ed. Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Bernt Hagtvet, and Jan Petter Myklebust (Bergen: Universitetsforlaget, 1980), 351-53.

470

For the incorporation of the League of Ukrainian Fascists into the OUN in 1929, see Frank Golczewski, Deutsche und Ukrainer 1914–1939 (Padeborn: Schoningh, 2010), 550; Oleksandr Panchenko, Mykola Lebed" (zhyttia, dial'nist; derzhavno-pravovi pohliady) (Kobeliaky: Kobeliaky, 2001), 15.

471

Excellent discussions of the theory of fascism, in addition to characterizations of fascism and fascist movements, can be found in Michael Mann, Fascists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 1-23; Roger Eatwell, Fascism: A History (London: Chatto and Windus, 1995), 3-12; Roger Griffin, The Nature of Fascism (London: Pinter, 1991), 1-19; Jerzy W. Borejsza, Schulen des Hasses: Faschistische Systeme in Europa (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer TB, 1999), 54–56; Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995), 3-19, 26–52; and Wolfgang Wippermann, Faschismus: Eine Weltgeschichte vom 19. Jahrhundert his heute (Darmstadt: Primus, 2009). For the influence of fascism on East Central and Southeastern Europe, see Ursprung, "Faschismus in Ostmittel-und Sudosteuropa," 9-52.

472

The other Ukrainian term for leader-vozhd'-was reserved for Andrii Mel'nyk after the Second General Congress of the OUN on 27 August 1939. Therefore, the OUN-B, to distinguish its Fuhrerprinzip from that of the OUN-M, called Bandera providnyk. For more on this congress, see Golczewski, Deutsche und Ukrainer 1914–1939, 943-44.

473

TsDAHO f. 1, op. 23, spr. 926, ll. 199–202, 207.

474

Ibid., l. 199. This salute later embarrassed the OUN. In postwar publications reprinting the resolutions of the Second General Congress of the OUN-B in April 1941, the resolution about the fascist salute was deleted from the text. Compare, for example, OUN v svitli postanov Velykykh zboriv (s.l.: Zakordonni chastyny Orhanizatsii ukrains'kykh natsionalistiv, 1955), 44–45, with the original publication Postanovy II: Velykoho zboru Orhanizatsii ukrains 'kykh natsionalistiv of 1941 in TsDAHO f. 1, op. 23, spr. 926, 1. 199.

475

TsDAHO f. 1, op. 23, spr. 926, ll. 190-93.

476

For a rethinking of these elements of fascism in the OUN, see O. I. Steaniv, "Za pravvl'nvi pidkhid," in Ideia i chyn. no. 2 (1943): 22. For a resolution to collect and remove from circulation documents which discussed the involvement of Ukrainian militia in the pogroms of 1941 and their assistance to the Germans in the shooting of Jews, see Kurylo and Himka, "Iak OUN stawlasia do ievreiv," 260. See also the document itself: TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 43, 1.9 (Nakaz ch. 2/43). On the process of "democratization," see David R. Marples, Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine (Budapest: Central European University Press, 2007), 194-96.

477

Grelka, Die ukrainische Nationalbewegung, 269.

478

On the "Generalplan Ost," see Czeshw Madajczyk, "Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalumsiedlungsplan," in Der "Generalplan Ost"." Hauptrichtungen der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik, ed. Mechtild Rossler and Sabine Schleiermacher (Berlin: Akademie, 1993), vii. For Hitler's attitude toward Eastern Europeans and Ukraine, see Czeshw Madajczyk, Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalumsiedlungsplan (Munich: Saur, 1994), 23–25; and Henry Picker, Hitler Tischgesprache: Im Fuhrerhauptquartier 1941–1942 (Bonn: Athenaum, 1951), 50–51, 69, 115-16.

479

Hans Werner Neulen, An deutscher Seite: Internationale Freiwillige yon Wehrmacht und Waffen-SS (Munich: Universitas, 1992), 17.

480

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 69, 11. 23–28 (Propahandyvni Vkazivki na peredvoennyi chas, na chas viiny i revoliutsii ta na pochatkovi dhi derzhavnoho budivnytstva).

481

Ibid., II. 23, 25–28. The OUN-B modified, for example, the hymn of the European prole tariat, "The Internationale," for use in its "national revolution." See ibid., 1.25.

482

Ibid., 1. 24; ibid., op. 2, spr. 1, l. 80 (Borot'ba i diial'nist" OUN pid chas viiny). In Ukrainian Vbyvaite vorohiv, shcho mizh vamy-zhydiv, i seksotiv. This slogan was developed for factory workers.

483

Ibid., op. 1, spr. 69, 1.26.

484

Ibid., 1.43.

485

Ibid., 1.26.

486

Ibid., 1.27. For details on how the OUN-B wanted to control the political situation in the Ukrainian state, see ibid.,op.2, spr.1, l1.44–45.

487

Ibid., op. 2, spr. 1, 11. 15–89.

488

Ibid.,op.1,spr.15,1.7(Internal telegram of the OUN,31July 1941)

489

Ibid., op. 2, spr. 1, l. 32.

490

Ibid., Il. 22, 31–32, 83.

491

TsDAHO f. 1, op. 23, spr. 926, ll. 188, 193.

492

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 2, spr. I, l. 2.

493

TsDAHO f. 1, op. 23, spr. 926, l. 189; Klymyshyn, V pokhodido voli, 303-4, 311-13.

494

Armstrong, Ukrainian Nationalism, 77.

495

Ibid., 79–80.

496

"Aufzeichnungen des Vortragenden Legationsrats Grosskopf," Akten zur deutschen Auswartigen Politik 1918–1945, Serie D, Band XIII, ed. Walter Bussmann (Gottingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1970), 167-68. See also Bundesarchiv Berlin-Lichterfelde (BA Berlin-Lichterfelde) R. 6 (Reichsministerium fur die Besetzen Ostgebiete)/150, 11. 4–5 (Rucksprache mit Prof. Dr. Koch am 10.7.1941); and Kost' Pankivs'kyi, Vid derzhavy do komitetu (New York Toronto: Zhyttia i mysli,1957),30–32.

497

Iaroslav Stets'ko dubbed the arrest of Stepan Bandera a "confiscation" (TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 6, l.2).

498

Ibid., spr. 5, l.3 (from the proclamation act signed by Iaroslav Stets'ko).

499

Ibid., 1.3.

500

Ibid., spr. 4, l. 6 (Minutes of the proclamation ceremony).

501

Ibid., spr. 57, l. 17 (Autobiographies of well-known OUN members); Bruder, Den ukrain ischen Staat erkampfen oder sterben, 150.

502

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 4, l. 7.

503

Myroslav Kal'ba, U lavakh druzhynnykiv (Denver: Vydannia Druzhyn ukrains'kykh nat sionalistiv, 1982), 9-10; BA Berlin-Lichterfelde: NS 26 (Hauptarchiv NSDAP)/1198, I. 1 (Information leaflet no. 1, 1 July 1941).

504

BA Berlin-Lichterfelde: NS 26/1198, ll. 1, 12 (Niederschrift uber die Rucksprache mit den Mitgliedem des ukrainischen Nationalkomitees und Stepan Bandera von 3.7.1941).

505

Ibid., l. 2.

506

Ibid., ll. 1–3. For Sheptyts'kyi's pastoral letter, see OUN v svitli postanov Velykykh Zboriv (s.l.: Zakordonni chastyny Orhanizatsii Ukrains'kykh Natsionalistiv, 1955), 58.

507

For an OUN-B instruction to erect triumphal arches, see TsDAVOV f. 4620, op. 3, spr. 379, l.34 (Instruktsiia propahandy, ch. 1). For pictures and descriptions of triumphal arches, see V. Cherednychenko, Natsionalizm proty natsii (Kyiv: Politvydav Ukrainy, 1970), 93; Grelka, Die ukrainische Nationalbewegung, 256; Archiwum Wschodnie (AW) II/737, l.25; and the cover of Aleksandr Diukov, Vtorostepennyi vrag: OUN, UPA i reshenie "evreiskogo voprosa" (Moscow: Regnum, 2008).

508

BA Berlin-Lichterfelde: R 58 (Reichssicherheitshauptamt)/214, Ereignismeldungen UdSSR, Berlin, 17 July 1941, no. 25, l. 202.

509

TsDAVOV f. 4620, op. 3, spr. 379, l. 34.

510

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 15, l. 4 (Zvit pro robotu v spravi orhanizatsii derzhavnoi administratsii na tereni Zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrainy). For a photo of Sheptyts'kyi with a swastika badge on his coat during the revolution, see B. E Sabrin, Alliance for Murder: The Nazi-Ukrainian Nationalist Partnership in Genocide (New York: Sarpedon, 1991), 172.

511

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 45, l.3. By claming that he "saw Bandera twice under the gallows unconquerable and loyal to the idea," Klymiv meant the trials against the OUN in 1935-36 in Warsaw and in 1936 in L'viv, at which Bandera was sentenced to death but was said not to have expressed any fear. At the second trial the death penalty was changed to life imprisonment.

512

The picture of a German officer and two men in plain clothes at the podium is printed in Cherednychenko, Natsionalizm praty natsii, 93. For the date of this event, see TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 15, l. 15.

513

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 22, ll. 1–3.

514

Ibid., op. 3, spr. 7, l. 26.

515

Ibid., op. 1, spr. 10, l. 4 (A list of deputies of the Ukrainian government abroad).

516

BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, R 58/214, Ereignismeldungen UdSSR. Berlin, 4 July 1941, no. 12, I. 69. On the Council of Seniors, see also TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 15, l.3.

517

On all the projects of the state apparatus drafted by Stepaniak, see Gosudarstvennyi arkhiv Rossiiskoi Federatsii (GARF) f. R-9478 (Glavnoe upravlenie po bor'be s banditizmom MVD SSR), op. 1, d. 136, ll. 14–15. On Stepaniak's communist activities in the 1930s, see ibid., l. 10.

518

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 9, 11. 1, 3 (Copy of the minutes of the meeting of the Administration of Ukraine). Ukrainian postavyty spravupo nimets "ky. Ibid., 1.1. For a very similar statement about dealing with the "non-Ukrainians" in "Ukraine," see ibid., spr. 69, 1.36.

519

On the pogroms in western Ukraine, see Dieter Pohl, "Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Western Ukraine-A Research Agenda," in Shared History-Divided Memory: Jews and Others in Soviet-Occupied Poland, 1939–1941, ed. Elazar Barkan, Elizabeth A. Cole, and Kai Struve (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitatsverlag, 2007), 305-13; and Gabriele Lesser, "Pogromy w Galicji Wschodniej w 1941 r," in Ternary polsko-ukrainskie, ed. Robert Traba (Olsztyn: Wspolnota Kulturowas Borussia, 2001), 103-26. Similar waves of pogroms also broke out shortly after the start of the German-Soviet war in northeastern Poland and in Lithuania. For pogroms in Poland, see Andrzej Zbikowski, "Pogroms in Northeastern Poland-Spontaneous Reactions and German Instigations," in Shared History-Divided Memory, 315-54. For pogroms in Lithuania, see Christoph Dieckmann, "Lithuania in Summer 194l-The German Invasion and the Kaunas Pogrom," in Shared History-Divided Memory, ed. Barkan, Cole, and Struve, 355-85.

520

The pogrom started on 30 June 1941 or even before. For testimonies that date the beginning of the violence to 1 July 1941, see Kurt I. Lewin, Przezytem: Saga Swietego Jura spisana w roku 1946(Warszawa: Zeszyty literackie, 2006), 56–57; and ZIH 229/54, Teka Lwowska, 1.2. For the course of the pogrom in L'viv, see Christoph Mick, "Ethnische Gewalt und Pogrome in Lemberg 1914 und 1941," Osteuropa 53, 12 (2003): 1810-11, 1824-29; Hannes Heer, "Einubung in den Holocaust: Lemberg Juni/Juli 1941," Zeitschrift fur Geschichtswissenschafi 49 (2001): 410, 424; Bruder, Den ukrainischen Staat erkampfen oder sterben, 140-50; Grelka, Die ukrainische Nationalbewegung, 276-86; Dieter Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944: Organisation und Durchfuhrung eines staatlichen Massenverbrechens (Munich: Oldenbourg, 1997), 60–62; and Wachs, Der Fall Theodor Oberlander (1909–1998), 71, 78–80. For posters and other OUN-B propaganda in L'viv during the pogrom, see Jan Rogowski, "Lwow pod znakiem swastyki: Pamietnik z lat 1941–1942" (unpublished manuscript) in Zaklad narodowy im. Ossolinskich in Wroclaw, 16711/II, 10; Lewin, Przezylem, 65; Eliyahu Yones, Die Strasse nach Lemberg: Zwangsarbeit und Widerstand in Ostgalizien 1941–1944 (Frankfurt am Main: Fischer Taschenbuch, 1999), 18; and Diukov, Vtorostepennyi vrag, 47–52. According to Diukov, some soldiers of the Nachtigall battalion participated in the violence in L'viv as well (Vtorostepennyi vrag, 71–72). Eyewitnesses saw soldiers from the Nachtigall battalion beating Jews on 1 July in the yard of the prison on Zamarstynivs'ka Street (AZIH, 30/12242, Zygmunt Tune, 1; Lewin, Przezytem, 61).

521

Mick, "Ethnische Gewalt und Pogrome in Lemberg 1914 und 1941," Osteuropa 53, 12 (2003): 1825. During this pogrom, 4,000 Jews were killed. In addition, on 5 July, between 2,500 and 3,000 Jews were shot by the German task forces. Cf. Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfalgung in Ostgalizien 1941–1944, 61, 69. Between 25 and 28 July 1941 another pogrom, dubbed the "Petliura days," occurred in L'viv. Several hundred Jews were killed, mainly by Ukrainian militiamen and Ukrainian peasants who came to L'viv from adjacent villages to take part in the violence. Cf. AZIH, 301/230, Jakub Dentel, 2; AZIH, 301/1864, Salomon Goldman, 5; AZIH, 301/4654, Henryk Szyper, 11; AZIH, 301/1584, Izak Weiser, 1; AZIH, 302/26, Lejb Wieliczker, 21; AZIH, 301/4944, Jan Badian, 1–6; AZIH, 301/1117, Leonard Zimmerman, 1; AZIH, 301/1801, Henryk Baldinger, 1–4; and AZIH, 301/2278, Lucyna Hallensberg, I.