Джеймс Голдгейер - Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»

• Название: Цель и средства. Политика США в отношении России после «холодной войны»
• Автор: Джеймс Голдгейер
• Издательство: Международные отношения
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2009
• ISBN: 978-5-7133-1350-0

Как формировалась внешняя политика США по отношению к России в 90-е годы XX века? В чем видела свои интересы в разваливающемся Советском Союзе правящая американская элита и правильно ли оценивала ситуацию? Какие были совершены ошибки и почему? На эти вопросы на основании широкого спектра источников, бесед с известными политическими деятелями, личных наблюдений пытаются найти ответ авторы нашумевшей в США книги.

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704

Interview with Stephen Sestanovich.

705

Interview with Medish.

706

Interviews with Sestanovich and Fuerth, Madeleine Albright, Medish and others.

707

Interview with Fuerth.

708

Interview with Albright.

709

Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 304. See also: Russia's Challenge in the 1990s: An Interview with Martin Gilman of the IMF.

710

General Accounting Office «International Monetary Fund: Approach Used to Establish and Monitor Conditions for Financial Assistance». GAO-GGD- NSIAD-99-168 (Letter report [June 1999]).

711

Gordon M. Russia Resists IMF's Strategy for Reducing Budget Deficit // New York Times. — May 15, 1998. — P. 3.

712

World Bank/IMF Agenda. World Bank Transition Newsletter. — December 1997 (www.worldbank.org/html/prddr/trans/dec97/pgs29-31.htm [July 2003]); and Frye Т. Brokers and Bureaucrats: Building Market Institutions in Russia. -University of Michigan Press, 2000. — P. 200; Фрай цитирует: Jacobs M. Russian Banks: Sailing Ahead or Sinking Fast // Research report. — Moscow: United Financial Group, August 1998. — P. 1-71.

713

Caryl Ch. Crisis? What Crisis? // U.S. News and World Report. — June 22, 1998. — P. 44.

714

Aslund A. Russia's Financial Crisis: Causes and Probable Remedies // Post-Soviet Geography and Economics. — Vol. 39 (June 1998). — P. 309-328.

715

Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 307.

716

Public Papers of the President: William Jefferson Clinton. — 1998. — Vol. 1 (GPO, 1998). — P. 853. См. также положительную трактовку, которую официальные лица российского и американского правительств дали заявлению Клинтона: Fidler St. Russian Financial Turmoil Poses Dilemmas for IMF // Financial Times. — June 1, 1998. — P. 3.

717

Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 307.

718

Brzezinski M. IMF Doubts Whether It Can Afford Russian Aid // Wall Street Journal. — June 22, 1998. — P. A17.

719

Nikitin M. Bank of Finland: Russian and Baltic Economies, the Week in Review. — June 26, 1998; Thornhill J. IMF and Russia in a New Loan Accord // Financial Times. — July 8, 1998. — P. 2; Pine A. IMF, Russia Open Talks on Large Loan // Los Angeles Times. — June 27, 1998. — P. 3; Finance and Economics: To the Rescue // Economist. — July 18, 1998. — P. 65-66.

720

Blustein, The Chastening. — P. 254.

721

Talbott S. The Russia Hand: A Memoir of Presidential Diplomacy (Random House, 2001). — P. 275.

722

Interview with James Steinberg.

723

Interview with Medish and Lipton.

724

IMF Sets $22,6 Billion Loan Accord with Russia — Aid Plan Depends on Nation's Ability to Deliver reforms // Wall Street Journal. — July 14, 1998. — P. A12; Wessel D. and Robbins С in D.C. with Mark Whitehouse in Moscow, Russia Vows Reforms // Wall Street Journal. — July 22, 1998. — P. A10.

725

Brzezinski M. Yeltsin Sets Tax to Meet IMF Pledge // Wall Street Journal. — July 20, 1998. — P. A15; Kranz P. And Now, the Plan: Can Yeltsin Meet IMF Terms While Curbing the Backlash? // Business Week. — July 27, 1998. — P. 43; O'Brien K. Easy Money: A Special Report.

726

Fisher S. Press Briefing on Russia. — July 13, 1998, Washington (www.imf.org/external/np/tr/1998/tr980713.htm [July 2003]).

727

Both are quoted in Wessel and Robbins with Whitehouse, Russia Vows Reform after IMF Cuts Funds. — P. A10.

728

Finance and Economics: To the Rescue // Economist. — July 18, 1998. — P. 65-66.

729

Camdessus Sees Improvement in Russian Finances // Agence France-Presse. — July 13, 1998.

730

Высказывание Рубина цитируется по: Rubin Warns about Delay of IMF Funds for Russia // Wall Street Journal. — July 29, 1998. — P. A4. В тот же день Фишер высказался в столь же позитивном плане. See: Blustein. IMF Battens Down for More 111 Wind. — P. A16.

731

Russia Can Expect 2 Portions of IMF Credit in September // Interfax. — August 7, 1998.

732

Russian Financial Crisis: Confidential Interim Assessment. — No 1 // Institute for EastWest Studies (iews.org). — August 20, 1998.

733

Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 312.

734

Interview with Lipton.

735

Soros G. Letter to the Editor. Soros Sees G7 — Backed $50bn Currency Board for Russia as Only Way out of Crisis // Financial Times. — August 13, 1998. — P. 18.

736

Freeland. Sale of the Century. — P. 323.

737

Lawrence H. Summers, testimony before the House International relations Committee on Russia, September 17, 1998, 105 Cong. 2 sess. (www.treas.gov/ press/releases/rr2686.htm [July 2003]); Hoffman, The Oligarchs. — P. 493.

738

IMF News Brief 98/30. — Washington, August 17, 1998 (www.imf.org/ external/np/sec/nb/1998/nb9830.htm [July 2003]); and interview with Lipton.

739

IMF News Brief 98/30.

740

Interviews with James Chavin and Elstein.

741

Sanger D. U.S. Official Questions How Russia Used Loan // New York Times. — March 19, 1999. — P. A8.

742

Elstein, as quoted in: Thornhill J. Communists Attack Yeltsin and Foreign Investors: Zyuganov Demands President's resignation over Monetary Policy U-turn // Financial Times. — August 15, 1999. См. также: Константинов и Ильинский. Финансовый кризис: причины и преодоление; Kahn and O'Brien. Easy Money. — P. 1; Matlock G. Russian Worries Overwhelm Stock Market // Wall Street Journal Europe. — August 28-29, 1998. — P. 13.

743

Lippman T. Turmoil, Drift in Russia Prompt U.S. Policy Shift; Flexibility Recognition of Limits Mark New Approach // Washington Post. — November 1, 1998. — P. A27.

744

Illarionov A. The Roots of the Economic Crisis. — P. 68-69. Выделено в оригинале.

745

20 наиболее влиятельных политиков России в январе // Независимая газета. — 1999. — 30 января.

746

Whitehouse M. Politics Silence Russian Markets: Yeltsin's Leadership Might Face End // Wall Street Journal. — August 28-29, 1998. — P. 7.

747

Democratic Choice Warns of Threat of Dictatorship // Itar-Tass. — January 30, 1999; Hanson S. and Kopstein J. The Weimar/Russia Comparison // Post- Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 13 (July-September 1997). — P. 252-283; Stenfield S. The Weimar/Russia Comparison: Reflections on Hanson and Kopstein // in Post- Soviet Affairs. — Vol. 14. — October-December 1998. — P. 355-368.

748

Powell B. and Albats E. Summer of Discontent // Newsweek (international edition). — January 19, 1999. — P. 28.

749

Primakov's 'Non-Aggression' Initiative Gets Mixed Reviews. Monitor — A Daily Briefing on the Post-Soviet States. — January 27, 1999 (Washington: Jamestown Foundation).

750

Наиболее глубокий и целостный план реформ можно найти в: Шейнис В. Конституция и жизнь // Независимая газета. — 1999. — 27 января.

751

Bush K. The Russian Economy in June 1999 (Washington: Center for Strategic and International Studies, June 1999). — P. 5; Thornhill J. Primakov Defies IMF Advice // Financial Times. — September 17, 1998; and Thornhill J. Luzhkov Lays Blame on IMF for Woes // Financial Times. — September 24, 1998. — P. 2.

752

См. подробные воспоминания Примакова о переговорах с МВФ в: Восемь месяцев плюс. — М.: Мысль, 2001. — С. 109-129.

753

Тэлботт об эффекте дела Левински и последовавшем процессе импичмента см.: The Russia Hand. — P. 276.

754

Kramer D. It May Be a Summit of Embarrassment // Boston Globe. — August 30, 1998. — P. E2.

755

Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 281; President Clinton Announces Summit Meeting with Russian Federation President Boris Yeltsin. White House, Office of the Press Secretary. — July 6, 1998.

756

Interview with Medish, also confirmed by other interviews.

757

См.: Baker P. The Breach: Inside the Impeachment Trial of William Jefferson Clinton (Scribner, 2000). — P. 59.

758

Lloyd J. Who Lost Russia? The Devolution of Russia // New York Times Magazine. — August 15, 1999. — P. 34-41, 52, 61, 64.

759

Подробности скандала с «Бэнк оф Нью-Йорк» см.: (www.russianlaw.org/ bonynews.htm [July 2003]).

760

Belton С. Was the July'98 Aid Diverted? // Moscow Times. — July 27, 2000.

761

Reddaway P. Is Chernomyrdin a Crook? // Post-Soviet Prospects. — Vol. 3. — August 1995. — P. 1-4; and. Aslund A. Russia's Sleaze Sector' // New York Times. — July 11, 1995. — P. A17.

762

Risen J. Gore Rejected CIA Evidence of Russian Corruption // New York Times. — November 23, 1998. — P. A8. Talbott, The Russia Hand. — P. 448, note 11, on the lack of concrete evidence about the memo.

763

Speaker's Advisory Group on Russia, Christopher Cox, chairman, Russia's Road to Corruption: How the Clinton Administration Exported Government Instead of Free Enterprise and Failed the Russian People (House of Representa tives, September 2000 (policy.house.gov/Russia [July 7, 2003]). Chapter 6 of this study is called «Bull****: Gore and Other Administration Policy Makers Systematically Ignore Evidence of Corruption of Their 'Partners'».

764

Помимо очерка Ллойда, перечень статей с тем же названием включает: Broder J. Who Lost Russia? // Salon. — September 1, 1998 (salon.com); Who Lost Russia? // Socialism Today. — No. 32. — October 1998; a special symposium of several authors under the title. What Went Wrong In Russia // Journal of Democracy. — Vol. 10. — April 1999. — P. 3-86; Soros G. Who Lost Rus sia? // New York Review of Books. — April 13, 2000. — P. 10; Who lost Russia? // New York Post. — September 24, 2000. — P. 56; Cage M. Looking Behind Potemkin's Wall: How American Policy Has Failed Russia. — Washington: Nixon Center Working Paper, October 2000; a book review by R. Kap lan called Who Lost Russia? // New York Times. — October 8, 2000. — Sec. 7. — P. 29.