Майкл Паренти - Демократия для избранных. Настольная книга о политических играх США

• Название: Демократия для избранных. Настольная книга о политических играх США
• Автор: Майкл Паренти
• Издательство: Поколение
• Жанр: Политика
• Год: 2006
• ISBN: 5-9763-0016-2

Принято считать, что США выдают себя за мировой оплот гражданских свобод, тем самым присваивая право «экспортировать» собственный тип демократии в другие страны. Что же представляет собой американская демократия на самом деле и можно ли вообще называть этот режим демократией?

Майкл Паренти — профессор политологии и гражданин США. В своей книге он дает нелицеприятную оценку господствующему в Америке политическому строю, который он метко характеризует как «демократию для избранных». Автор обличает лицемерие официальной идеологии США, выдающей власть привилегированного меньшинства за служение народу, и выдвигает американскому правительству впечатляющий список обвинений в нарушении прав человека. Его книга открывает для читателя совершенно другую Америку.

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328

James Stewart, Den of Thieves (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 527; see also Benjamin J. Stein, A License to Steal: The Untold Story of Michael Milken and the Conspiracy to Bilk the Nation (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1992); New York Times, January 30, 1993.

329

Ralph Nader and Wesley Smith, No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America (New York: Random House, 1996); Michael Waldman, Who Robbed America (New York: Random House, 1990).

330

Первая поправка к Конституции США гарантирует свободу слова и печати. (Примеч. пер.)

331

Судья Nicholas Cobella, цит. по Molly Ivins, «Corporations Wielding Cynical Lawsuits against Free Speech», San Jose Mercury News, January 23, 2000.

332

David Burnham, Above the Law (New York: Scribner, 1996); Nader and Smith, No Contest.

333

Griffin и Illinois (1956).

334

James C. Turner and Joyce A. McGee, «Freedom of Legal Information: Increasing Court Access for Americans of Limited Means», Management Information Exchange Journal, Summer 1999.

335

Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1990; People's Daily World, June 14, 1989, January 23, 1990, and October 7, 1995; and documentary film, Harlan County, USA, 1978.

336

Jeffrey Toobin, «Women in Black», New Yorker, October 30, 2000; New York Times, August 5, 1984; City Paper (Washington, D.C.), April 21, 1989.

337

Vincent Schiraldi, «Poor Prison Policy», San Francisco Bay Guardian, May 5, 1999; Adolph Reed, Jr., Without Justice for All (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Darrell Gilliard and Alien Beck, Prison and Jail Inmates, Bureau of Justice Statistics report, Washington, D.C., 1998; New York Times, June 1, 2000.

338

«Crime Drop Not Linked to Arrest Rates», Prison Focus, Winter 2000; and New York Times, July 5 and August 28, 2000.

339

«The Impact of Three Strikes and You're Out' Laws», Prison Focus, Winter 1997; and San Francisco Chronicle, March 7, 1997.

340

Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and Americas Prison Population, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Columbia University, 1998; and various issues of FAMM-gram, publication of Families Against Mandatory Minimums Foundation.

341

Eric Schlosser, «More Reefer Madness», Atlantic Monthly, April 1997; «Congressional Family Drug Offenders Escape Mandatory Sentences, Get Favorable Treatment», North Coast Xpress, Spring 2000.

342

San Francisco Examiner, May 24, 1993.

343

Richard Moran, «FBI Scare Tactics», New York Times, May 7, 1996.

344

Согласно данным New York Criminal Justice Alliance. См. Julia Lutsky, «Torture in America's Prisons», Peoples Weekly World, September 13, 1997.

345

Tom Cahill, «Prisoner Rape: Institutionalized Torture in the U.S.», Prison Focus, Winter 2000, and see <http://www.prisons.org>.

346

United States of America - Rights for All, отчет Amnesty International, October 1998; Corey Weinstein and Eric Cummins, «The Crime of Punishment at Pelican Bay Maximum Security Prison», Covert Action Quarterly, Summer 1993.

347

United States of America - Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998.

348

United States of America - Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998; Lutsky, «Torture in America's Prisons»; Prison Legal News, October 1999; San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 2000; Jean Stewart, «Life, Death and Disability Behind Bars», New Mobility, June 1998.

349

Audrey Bomse, «Congress Closes Courthouse Doors to Prison Litigation», Legal Journal (National Lawyers Guild Prison Law Project), Winter/Spring 1997.

350

Эндемичный вид — вид, распространение которого ограничено только определенным регионом или ареалом. (Примеч. пер.)

351

Willie Wisely, «Why Prisons Cost So Much», North Coast Xpress, April/May 1995.

352

David McGowan, Derailing Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 136.

353

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354

San Francisco Chronicle, December 1, 1997. Анализ других дел десяти неправомерно осужденных обвиняемых см. Barry Scheck, Peter Neufeld, Jim Dwyer, Actual Innocence (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1999).

355

New York Times, June 15 and July 4, 1996.

356

New York Times, September 22, 2000.

357

Caucasian — в США это выражение означает европеец, лицо белой расы (Maxxicum). Например, надпись: members of the Caucasian race only served here — здесь обслуживаются только белые. (Примеч. пер.)

358

Richard Dieter, The Death Penalty in Black and White, отчет Death Penalty Information Center, Philadelphia, June 1998.

359

Michael Radelet, Hugo Adam Bedau, and Constance Putnam, In Spite of Innocence: The Ordeal of 400 Americans Wrongly Convicted of Crimes Punishable by Death (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992); а также Michael Radelet, William Lofquist, and Hugo Adam Bedau, «Death Penalty Symposium: Prisoners Released From Death Rows Since 1970 Because of Doubts about Their Guilt», Thomas M. Cooley Law Review 13, 1996.

360

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361

New York Times, August 22, 1999 и June 12, 2000.

362

Shirley Dicks (ed.), Young Blood: Juvenile Justice and the Death Penalty (Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus, 1995); and United States of America - Rights for AU, Amnesty International, October 1998.

363

Lorraine Dusky, Still Unequal: The Shameful Truth about Women and Justice in America (New York: Crown, 1996); U.S. Surgeon General's report: San Francisco Chronicle, October 2,1998; New York Times, March 17,1998.

364

Nina Siegal and Martin Espinoza, «No Escape», San Francisco Ray Guardian, April 30, 1997; Jennifer Gonnerman, «Welfare's Domestic Violence», Nation, March 10, 1997.

365

Karen Winner, Divorced from Justice (New York: Regan, 1996); Dusky, Still Unequal, passim,

366

Jennifer Gonnerman, «The Anti-Abortion Stealth Campaign», On the Issues, Fall 1996; «Crusade of Terror», Nation, December 16, 1998.

367

New York Times editorial, December 7, 1984.

368

U.S. Department of Justice report cited in McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 117; Bobbie Stein, «Life in Prison: Sexual Abuse», Progressive, July 1996; Nina Siegal, «Death Behind Bars», San Francisco Bay Guardian, February 5, 1997.

369

Nancy Kurshan, «Women and Prison Today», North Coast Xpress, February/March 1997; редакционная колонка Arianna Huffington s, San Francisco Examiner, June 25, 2000.

370

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371

New York Times, October 7, 2000.

372

Franklin Zimring, American Youth Violence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); New York Times, May 17, 1999.

373

McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 57.

374

A. Clay Thompson, «The Lost Boys», San Francisco Bay Guardian, January 27, 1999; Vincent Schiraldi in Christian Science Monitor, November 1997.

375

Alien Jones, «Crime and Too Much Punishment», San Francisco Examiner, June 28, 2000; Dwight Edgar Abbott, / Cried, You Didn't Listen (Los Angeles: Feral House, 1991), with Jack Carters concluding essay, «America's Incarcerated Children Today», 159-71; Louise Armstrong, And They Call It Help: The Psychiatric Policing of America's Children (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993); Thomas Cottle, Children in Jail (Boston: Beacon, 1977); Kenneth Wooden, Weeping in the Playtime of Others (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976).

376

Peter Breggin, Talking Back to Ritalin (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000); New York Times, February 23, 2000.

377

San Francisco Bay Guardian, July 10 and August 14, 1996; Street Spirit (San Francisco), July 1996 and August 1996.

378

New York Times, March 5, 1998, and May 22, 1999; San Francisco Examiner, December 10, 1997.

379

В отношении свидетельств о насильственном инцесте см. «Childhood Sexual Abuse», special issue of Central Park (New York), Spring 1993; also «Incest Statistics», Witness, April 1988; John Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988); Jane Ashley, «When Incest Haunts Love», Washington Post, August 27, 1990.

380

New York Times, May 10, 1998; Elisabeth Flynn and Chong Choe, «Down by Law», San Francisco Bay Guardian, June 26, 1996.

381

New York Times, June 1, 2000 и August 31, 1996; Debbie Nathan, «Sodomy for the Masses», Nation, April 19, 1999; and the case of Sandy Nelson, newsletter, National Lawyers Guild, Seattle chapter, August 1995.

382

Gish и Board of Education ofParamus, N.J. (1976); Bowers и Hardwick (1986).

383

См. годовой отчет National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Washington, D.C., а также National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs; San Francisco Chronicle, October 13, 1998.

384

Washington Post, November 30, 1986.

385

Eileen Poe-Yamagata and Michael A. Jones, And Justice for Some (National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2000).

386

Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, Human Rights Watch, 2000; отчет National Criminal Justice Commission цит. по McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 71; Washington Post, October 9,1996.

387

USA Today, March 24, 1998.

388

New York Times, December 12, 1995 и March 13, 1997; Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2000; San Francisco Bay Guardian, July 2 and July 9, 1997.

389

McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 47-48; а также Los Angeles Times, June 13 and July 26, 1999; New York Times, August 14, 1997 и May 5, 1999; see also Christian Parenti, Lock-down America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (New York and London: Verso, 1999); Bruce Shapiro, «When Justice Kills», Nation, June 9, 1997.

390

New York Press, June 15-22, 1999.

391

Bob Herbert, «A Brutal Epidemic», New York Times, April 27, 1997.

392

Belinda Griswold, «The Thin Blue Line», San Francisco Bay Guardian, October 15, 1997.

393

Цитируется по журналу Parade, August 22, 1976. Однако, даже при наилучшей обстановке в обществе всегда находятся безжалостные эгоисты, которые прибегают к насилию и незаконным средствам для достижения своих целей. Не все преступления обусловлены материальными лишениями и классовой несправедливостью.

394

David Burnham, A Law Unto Itself: The IRS and the Abuse of Power (New York: Vintage, 1989), 255-90.